Education Key Terms (Fill in the Gaps)

Question 1

Agency - the ________ of individuals to act _____________ and to ____ their own ____ _______.

Answer 1

Agency - the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

Question 2

Capitalism - an ________ and _________ system in which ________, ________ and ________ (the means of production) are __________ by _______ owners for ______, rather than by the _____.

Answer 2

Capitalism - an economic and political system in which property, business and industry (the means of production) are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 3

Collective Conscience - a set of ______ _______, attitudes, ______ and knowledge shared by all members of a _____ or _______.

Answer 3

Collective Conscience - a set of shared beliefs, attitudes, values and knowledge shared by all members of a group or society.

Question 4

Cultural Capital - the __________ of cultural _______________ valued by the ______ _____ that can give you __________ in life. This may include ___________ ______________, but may also include your __________, your knowledge of the ____ etc.

Answer 4

Cultural Capital - the possession of cultural characteristics valued by the ruling class that can give you advantages in life. This may include educational qualifications, but may also include your vocabulary, your knowledge of the arts etc.

Question 5

Cultural Deprivation - being ________ of the cultural _________ necessary for ___________ _______. ________ attributes may include basic ________, attitudes and ______.

Answer 5

Cultural Deprivation - being deprived of the cultural attributes necessary for educational success. Cultural attributes may include basic literacy, attitudes and values.

Question 6

Compensatory Education - __________ educational _________ for _____________ children to give them a _______ ____ to _______ on _____ terms.

Answer 6

Compensatory Education - additional educational provision for disadvantaged children to give them a helping hand to compete on equal terms.

Question 7

Deterministic - deterministic ________ believe that ___________ don’t have any ______ about how they ______. Human _________ is __________ by ______ __________ and _____________.

Answer 7

Deterministic - deterministic theories believe that individuals don’t have any choice about how they behave. Human behaviour is determined by social structures and circumstances.

Question 8

Ethnicity - ______ within a __________ ________ by __________ (or by others) as __________ ___________ and _________. Members of an ______ group usually see themselves as having a ______ ______, and they may _____ some _________ or _______, like _________ beliefs.

Answer 8

Ethnicity - groups within a population regarded by themselves (or by others) as culturally distinctive and different. Members of an ethnic group usually see themselves as having a common origin, and they may share some practices or beliefs, like religious beliefs.

Question 9

Ethnocentric - believing that the _______, _______ and __________ of ____ ___ race or ___________ are ________ to those of _____ _____.

Answer 9

Ethnocentric - believing that the history, customs and traditions of your own race or nationality are superior to those of other races.

Question 10

Globalisation - the process off all _____ of the _____ becoming ______________, so that ________ __________ become less _________.

Answer 10

Globalisation - the process of all parts of the world becoming interconnected, so that national boundaries become less important.

Question 11

Hidden Curriculum - the _________ rules, ______ and __________ that students are ________ to _______ to and _____ while in school e.g ___________ or _______ for authority.

Answer 11

Hidden Curriculum - the unwritten rules, values and behaviours that students are expected to conform to and learn while in school e.g punctuality or respect for authority.

Question 12

Ideology - a set of _______ that ________ the _________ of one _____ at the _______ of others.

Answer 12

Ideology - a set of beliefs that promotes the interests of one group at the expense of others.

Question 13

Institutional Racism - the _______ of an ____________ or ___________ to provide an _________ _______ for people because of their ______ or _________. The organisation’s _________, attitudes and __________ will ____________ - often _____________ - through _________ and ______ ____________.

Answer 13

Institutional Racism - the failure of an organisation or institution to provide an effective service for people because of their colour or ethnicity. The organisation’s processes, attitudes and behaviours will discriminate - often unconsciously - through prejudice and racial stereotyping.

Question 14

Labelling - when labels or _____ are ________ to people, _________ certain _______________ to those individuals. ______ are often __________ and draw upon ___________.

Answer 14

Labelling - when labels or names are attached to people, ascribing certain characteristics to those individuals. Labels are often simplified and draw upon stereotypes.

Question 15

Legitimation - the process of __________ or gaining _______ for an ____ or ______. It often involves justifying _________ or __________, perhaps by __________ it as _______.

Answer 15

Legitimation - the process of justifying or gaining support for an idea or policy. It often involves justifying injustice or inequality, perhaps by portraying it as natural.

Question 16

Marketisation - organising _____-___ ________ (like the NHS or state education) more like _______ _________, _________ for ‘_________’.

Answer 16

Marketisation - organising state-run services (like the NHS or state education) more like private companies, competing for ‘customers’.

Question 17

Material Deprivation - refers to a ____ of _____ or _________, preventing _______ of a _______ from __________ goods and ________ that other members of society can ______.

Answer 17

Material Deprivation - refers to a lack of money or resources, preventing members of a society from purchasing goods and services that other members of society can afford.

Question 18

Meritocracy - a ______ or ______ in which _______ or _______ is seen as the result of _______ and ____ ____.

Answer 18

Meritocracy - a society or system in which success or failure is seen as the result of ability and hard work.

Question 19

Patriarchy - a system or _______ in which ___ hold the _____, and _____ are largely ________ from it. Women’s _________ are ____________ to the interests of ___.

Answer 19

Patriarchy - a system or society in which men hold the power, and women are largely excluded from it. Women’s interests are subordinated to the interests of men.

Question 20

Relativism - the idea that _________ or _____ can never be ________ and _________.

Answer 20

Relativism - the idea that knowledge or truth can never be absolute and universal.

Question 21

Role Allocation - the process of ________ who ____ what ____ within a _______.

Answer 21

Role Allocation - the process of deciding who does what role within a society.

Question 22

Self-concept - the ____ of ______ you _____ you are.

Answer 22

Self-concept - the sort of person you think you are.

Question 23

Self-fulfilling Prophecy - when something _______ because people ______ it to. E.g if a child is ________ as ‘bad’, this alters their ____-_______ and they start ________ of themselves as ‘___’ which means they may ______ ‘bad’ because that is what they _____ they are.

Answer 23

Self-fulfilling Prophecy - when something happens because people expect it to. E.g if a child is labelled as ‘bad’, this alters their self-concept and they start thinking of themselves as ‘bad’ which means they may become ‘bad’ because that is what they think they are.

Question 24

Socialisation - the process through which ___________ _____ the _________ and _______ ________ by their ______ in order to ___ in.

Answer 24

Socialisation - the process through which individuals learn the behaviour and culture accepted by their society in order to fit in.

Question 25

Social Mobility - the ability to ____ _______ (or _________) between the ______ of a ______ _________ e.g move from _______ class to middle _____.

Answer 25

Social Mobility - the ability to move upwards (or downwards) between the groups of a social hierarchy e.g move from working class to middle class.

Question 26

Self-refuting Prophecy - the process of ________ people’s ________ ______ and being determined to _____ them _____.

Answer 26

Self-refuting Prophecy - the process of refuting people’s negative labels and being determined to prove them wrong.

Question 27

Tripartite System - a form of _________ education, introduced by the ____ Education Act. It involved all pupils taking an __ test at the age of __ (the ___). Pupils were then separated into _____ different types of schools: G_______, T________ schools or S________ M______ –> this was gradually replaced by the _____________ ______.

Answer 27

Tripartite System - a form of secondary education, introduced by the 1944 Education Act. It involved all pupils taking an IQ test at the age og 11 ( the 11+). Pupils were then separated into three different types of schools: Grammars, Technical schools or Secondary Moderns –> this was gradually replaced by the comprehensive system.

Question 28

Peer Group - a group of _______ and fellow ______.

Answer 28

Peer Group - a group of friends and fellow pupils.

Question 29

Individualisation - a process in which _____ identities such as _____ and ______ matter less. ___________ tend to have less _______ to their ______ groups and have more _______ to choose _________ __________.

Answer 29

Individualisation - a process in which group identities such as class and gender matter less. Individuals tend to have less loyalty to their social groups and have more freedom to choose different lifestyles.

Question 30

Hegemonic Masculinity - the ________ ideas of what it means to be _________ in a particular _______.

Answer 30

Hegemonic Masculinity - the dominant ideas of what it means to be masculine in a particular culture.

Question 31

Moral Panic - ______ _______ often generated by ____ _____ reports. It involves an ___________ and often __________ fear about a __________ that is portrayed as ___ or _______ (even if it is neither).

Answer 31

Moral Panic - public anxiety often generated by mass media reports. It involves an exaggerated and often irrational fear about a phenomenon that is portrayed as new or growing (even if it is neither).

Question 32

Subcultures - ______ within wider ______ groups who _____ a ______ set of __________, attitudes and ______. These may include _____ taste, fashion taste, choice of _______ activities or _________ towards groups in _________.

Answer 32

Subcultures - groups within wider social groups who share a unique set of lifestyles, attitudes and values. These may include music taste, fashion taste, choice of leisure activities or attitudes towards groups in authority.

Question 33

Monopoly - when there is only one ________ of a ____ or _______ that consumers can ______ from, the provider therefore has a ________.

Answer 33

Monopoly - when there is only one provider of a good or service that consumers can choose from, the provider therefore has a monopoly.

Question 34

Privatisation - involves moving ________ previously provided by the __________ into the _______ sector to be run by private __________ for ______. This is the opposite of _______________.

Answer 34

Privatisation - involves moving services previously provided by the government into the private sector to be run by private businesses for profit. This is the opposite of nationalisation.

Question 35

Social Democracy - a _________, social and ________ philosophy that supports economic and ______ _____________ to promote social _______ within the framework of a __________ - oriented economy.

Answer 35

Social Democracy - a political, social and economic philosophy that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist - oriented economy.

Question 36

Primary Socialisation - the process by which _______ and significant ______ members teach their ________ how to ______ in a way that _______ accepts and _______.

Answer 36

Primary Socialisation - the process by which parents and significant family members teach their children how to behave in a way that society accepts and expects.

Question 37

Genderquake - a dramatic change in _________ towards work and _______ amongst _____.

Answer 37

Genderquake - a dramatic change in attitudes towards work and careers amongst women.