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Mech of disease exam 2 > digestive system disorders > Flashcards

digestive system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is gastrointestinal dysfunction?

A

nausea, vomiting, retching, constipation, diarrhea

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2
Q

what is osmotic diarrhea?

A

excess water is drawn into the intestine - increase stool weight and volume

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3
Q

what is secretory diarrhea?

A

excessive mucosal secretion and electrolytes produce large volume diarrhea

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4
Q

what is motility diarrhea ?

A

caused by resection of small intestine

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5
Q

what are systemic effects of gastrointestinal dysfunction?

A
  1. dehydration
  2. electrolyte imbalance
  3. weight loss
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6
Q

what causes abdominal pain?

A

mechanical (Stretch), inflammation, injury

parietal vs visceral

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7
Q

what is Gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

acid and pepsin from stomach enter esophagus causing inflammation.

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8
Q

what is Hiatal Hernia?

A

diaphragmatic hernia with protrusion into upper part of the stomach through the diagram and intro thorax

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9
Q

what is a sliding hernia?

A

gastroesophageal junction protrudes into chest - moves up and down during swallowing

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10
Q

what is a paraesophageal hernia?

A

stomach moves beside the esophagus - causes stomach to be tangled

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11
Q

what is a pyloric obstruction?

A

blockage between duodenum and stomach. can be acquired and congenital

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12
Q

what are the manifestations that occur with pyloric obstruction?

A

pain or fullness, nausea, vomiting

if prolonged - malnutrition, dehydration and debilitation

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13
Q

what is an intestinal obstruction?

A

prevents flow of chyme through intestinal lumen

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14
Q

what is gastritis?

A

inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa

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15
Q

what are the types of gastritis? 4

A

acute, chronic, chronic fungal (immune a), chronic antral (non immune b)

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16
Q

what is peptic ulcer disease?

A

breakdown of ulceration in the protective mucosa lining of lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum.

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17
Q

what are the three types of peptic ulcers?

A

duodenal, gastric and stress

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18
Q

discuss Duodenal ulcers.

A

develope from:
H pillory infection or helloco factor pillory infection.
anti-inflammatory drugs
hypersecretions of stomach acid and pepsin

tends to fix itself and reoccur - most common types

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19
Q

discuss gastric ulcers.

A

tend to develop in antral region of stomach
1. primary defect is associated with mucosal permeability of ions
2. gastric secretion that tends to be normal or less
pain occurs after eating

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20
Q

discuss stress ulcers.

A

acute form of peptic ulcer

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21
Q

what are the three stress ulcers?

A

ischemic ulcers - after trauma like hemorrhage, sepsis burns and heart failure
curling ulcers - after brain injury
cushing ulcers - after brain injury or surgery and hyper-secretion of HCl

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22
Q

what is maldigestion?

A

failure of chemical processes in digestion

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23
Q

what is malabsorption ?

A

failure of intestinal mucosa to absorb digested nutrients

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24
Q

what is pancreatitis ?

A

disease in which your pancreas becomes inflamed and cannot sufficiently produce enzymes such as lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin

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25
Q

what is fat maldigestion?

A

inability to absorb fat - will have fatty stools and weight loss

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26
Q

what is lactase deficiency?

A

inability to break down lactose into monosaccharides

fermentation of lactose by bacteria causes gas and osmotic diarrhea

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27
Q

what is bile salt deficiency?

A

can result from liver disease of bile obstruction. results in poor absorption of lipids causes fatty stools, diarrhea loss of fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K).

28
Q

what is Ulcerative colitis (UC)?

A

chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa.
intermittent periods of remission and exacerbation
in sigmoid colon and rectum

29
Q

what is Crohn’s disease (CD)?

A

idopathic inflammatory disorder affects any part of the digestive tract. tends to involve all layers of interstitial lumen. Can be genetic and environmental factors. causes skip lesions - one side of wall might be affected and others might not. anemia might result

30
Q

what is IBS?

A

functional disorder, reoccurring abdominal pain with altered bowel habits (changing between constipation and diarrhea), bloating.

31
Q

what are the causes of IBS?

A

brain gut access changes, gut flora, genetic instability and immune responses. no cure

32
Q

what is diverticula?

A

herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of colon wall

33
Q

what is diverticulosis?

A

asymptomatic diverticular disease

34
Q

what is diverticulitis?

A

inflammatory stages

35
Q

where does diverticular disease affect?

A

anywhere in the GI tract - mostly colon

36
Q

what is appendicitis?

A

inflammation of the appendix

37
Q

causes of appendicitis?

A

obstruction, foreign bodies, infection

38
Q

Appendicitis symptoms?

A

gastric or periumbilical pain in the right lower quadrants , pressure, inflammation and ischemia

39
Q

what is obesity?

A

body mass index

40
Q

how does obesity interact with the PNS and CNS?

A

cytokines, hormones, neurotransmitters.

41
Q

what 4 signal mediators act on the hypothalamus and brainstem to regulate hunger

A

leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, peptide YY

abnormal levels make people hungry

42
Q

what is metabolic dysregulation?

A

lepton resistance, insulin resistance, inflammatory states

43
Q

what is visceral obesity?

A

body fat localized around the abdomen and upper body

“apple shape”

44
Q

what is peripheral obesity?

A

body fat localized around thighs and lower body and buttock

“pear shape”

45
Q

what is malnutrition?

A

lack of nourishment from inadquete calroies, proteins and vitamins

46
Q

what is starvation?

A

decrease E leading to weight loss

short term and cachexia

47
Q

what is cachexia?

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.

48
Q

what is gylcogenolysis?

A

splitting of glycogen into glucose

49
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

formation of glucose from non - carbohydrate molecules

50
Q

what is portal hypertension liver disease?

A

abnormally high bp in portal venous system

51
Q

what is ascites?

A

fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity

52
Q

what is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

neurological syndrome that impairs behaviour, conigtive and motor function

53
Q

where does hepatic encephalopathy develop?

A

nervous system cells are vulnerable to neurotoxins absorbed in the GI tract from liver dysfunction and migrate to brain

54
Q

what is jaundice?

A

caused by hyperbilirubinemia. bilirubin accumulates due to obstruction in bile duct and enters the blood stream causing yellow skin.

55
Q

what is hemolytic jaundice?

A

destruction of RBC

56
Q

what is acute liver failure?

A

rare necrosis or impairment of liver cells without pre existing disease

57
Q

what is cirrhosis ?

A

irreversible inflammation of liver

biliary channels are obstructed and cause portal hypertension

58
Q

what are the causes of cirrhosis?

A

exposure to toxins such as alcohol

59
Q

what is alcoholic liver disease?

A

mildest form of alcoholic liver disease

60
Q

what is alcoholic steatohepatisis?

A

precursor of cirrhosis by increase hepatic fat storage, inflammation and degeneration

61
Q

what does alcoholic cirrhosis do?

A

impairs hepatocytes, ability to oxidize fatty acids, abiltiy to synthesize enzymes, degrade hormones and clear heaptic blood

62
Q

what is Biliary cirrhosis? primary and secondary?

A

damage and inflammation leading to cirrhosis in bile canaliculi and bile ducts
primary - autoimmune inflammation obstruction in intraheptic ducts
secondary - prolonged obstruction, increases pressure and causes pooling of bile and cell death

63
Q

what is viral hepatitis?

A

viral disease that affects the liver

64
Q

what are the phases of viral hepatitis?

A

incubation, prodromal - tender ness, icteric - high levels of bilirubin, and recovery

65
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

obstruction or inflammation of the gallbladder

66
Q

what are gall stones?

A

made of cholesterol, pigmented brown from calcium bilibrunate

67
Q

what is cholerlithiasis ?

A

inflammation that produces gallstones and disorders

Mech of disease exam 2 (3 decks)

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