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comparative politics wwu > test two > Flashcards

test two Flashcards

1
Q

what are the political attitudes?

A

radicals, liberals, conservatives, reactionaries

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2
Q

what are radicals?

A

they believe in large institutional change

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3
Q

what are liberals?

A

they prefer change within institutions

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4
Q

what are conservatives?

A

they are skeptical of change and favor the status quo

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5
Q

what are reactionaries?

A

they seek to restore political, economic, and social institutions (real or imaginary)

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6
Q

what are the political ideologies?

A

liberalism, communism, social democracy, fascism, and anarchism

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7
Q

liberalism works towards

A

individual freedom

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8
Q

communism works towards

A

economic and social equality

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9
Q

social democracy works towards

A

balance of freedom and equality

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10
Q

fascism works towards

A

advancement of a superior group or race

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11
Q

anarchism works toward

A

elimination of state power

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12
Q

what is the market?

A

interactions between the forces of supply and demand, and the allocation of resources through these interactions

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13
Q

what are characteristics of private goods?

A
  • possible to exclude others from consuming
  • consumption reduces availability
  • markets are effective at providing private goods
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14
Q

what are characteristics of public goods?

A
  • impossible to exclude others from consuming
  • consumption does not reduce availability
  • markets are considered bad at providing public goods
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15
Q

how do states interfere in the economy?

A
  • public expenditures
  • taxation
  • creating and regulating money
  • regulating domestic markets
  • regulating international trade
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16
Q

what are public expenditures?

A

the state’s provision of public benefits, such as education, health care, security and transportation. commonly called welfare.

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17
Q

what are the advantages of public expenditures?

A
  • provides care to those who need it most

- insurance against economic downturns

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18
Q

what are the disadvantages of public expenditures?

A
  • may discourage people from seeking work

- costly for governments to maintain

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19
Q

what is inflation?

A

increase in prices

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20
Q

how do states try to control inflation?

A

increased interest rates

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21
Q

how do states regulate international trade?

A
  • tariffs
  • quotas
  • non-tariff regulatory barriers
  • capital controls
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22
Q

what are tariffs?

A

a tax on a foreign good that is not applied to an otherwise similar domestic good

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23
Q

what is a quota?

A

a limit on the number of certain foreign goods that can be purchased

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24
Q

what is a non-tariff regulatory barrier?

A

health, packaging, or other restrictions that make it more difficult for foreign goods to sell in local markets

25
Q

what is capital controls?

A

a limit on the amount of money that can be moved across national borders

26
Q

how do states regulate domestic markets?

A
  • health and safety rules
  • employee protections
  • bans on some commerce
  • production techniques
27
Q

what are the advantages of regulation in market?

A
  • generate state revenue
  • foster local industry
  • protect local jobs
  • keep wealth within the country
28
Q

what are the advantages of free trade in market?

A
  • promote competition
  • keep costs of goods low
  • stimulate domestic innovation in areas of comparative advantage
29
Q

what is the political-economic system?

A

relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policy and outcomes they create

30
Q

what are the four competing ideas of a political economic system?

A

liberalism, communism, social democracy, and mercantilism

31
Q

what are the characteristics of liberalism?

A
  • places emphasis of individual economic freedom rather than economic equality
  • minimal state intervention to support free market
  • protect private property
  • enforce contracts
  • breakup monopolies
  • allocation of public goods only in critical areas
32
Q

what are characteristics of social democracy?

A
  • seeks to balance freedom and equality
  • state plays an active role in shaping markets
  • strong protections for private property
  • free trade but state supported industries
  • significant redistribution of wealth
  • neocorporatist institutions
33
Q

what are neocorporatist institutions?

A

possess close relations between business, trade unions, and state

34
Q

what are characteristics of communism?

A
  • a rare system
  • eliminate private property for the means of production to achieve equality
  • active state intervention
  • nationalized industry under heavy bureaucratic control
  • little or no private property
  • massive redistribution of wealth
  • trade is regulated
35
Q

what are characteristics of merchantilism?

A
  • maximize state wealth to increase state power
  • active role for state
  • foreign influence is limited
  • critics label it as state corporatism and cronyism
  • supporters refer to it as government-business collaboration or pro-business state
36
Q

what is GDP?

A

the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year

37
Q

what is the gini index?

A

it measures inequality, income distribution over population. the lower the gini score, the more equal a society

38
Q

what is purchasing power parity?

A

you calculate this to improve comparability of GDP

39
Q

what is GDP per capita?

A

GDP divided by the countries population

40
Q

what are some features of democracy?

A

participation, competition, liberty, democratic institutions

41
Q

what is a direct democracy?

A

making decisions by voting in an assembly; referendum

42
Q

what is an indirect democracy?

A

electing officials to represent public interests in the legislature

43
Q

why do some countries become a democracy?

A

modernization, elites, civil society, international relations, political culture

44
Q

what is modernization?

A

as societies modernize economically…

  • a middle class emerges
  • old traditions of authority and hierarchy weaken
  • new values emerge
45
Q

what is the evidence of modernization?

A

most democracies are wealthy countries

46
Q

what are elites?

A
  • main idea is that distributions of wealth and power matter

- when the state controls wealth, those in power are unlikely to give up control of the state

47
Q

when will elites choose democracy?

A
  • means they can keep their wealth
  • wins them more international support
  • protects their assets from seizure
48
Q

what is a civil society?

A
  • main idea is the public will be better able to push reform if there is a strong civil society
  • public engagement in various forms of associations
  • may include political and non political associations
49
Q

what is international relations?

A

main idea is international actors can play a direct or indirect role in promoting democracy

50
Q

what is the executive branch?

A

branch of government that carries out (implements) laws and policies of the state

51
Q

what is the head of state?

A

symbolic figure that sometimes carries out International affairs

52
Q

what is the head of government?

A

runs the state and leads the government, makes national policies, directs officers and ministers

53
Q

what is the rule of law?

A

all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law irrespective of their power or authority

54
Q

what is a legislature?

A

the branch of government that makes laws

55
Q

what is unicameral legislature?

A

common in small, homogenous countries

56
Q

what is bicameral legislature?

A

common in larger, more diverse countries

57
Q

what is tricameral legislature?

A

existed throughout history but there are none today. often, each chamber would represent a different social class

58
Q

what is a political party?

A

a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the purpose to gain political power

59
Q

what are the functions of political parties?

A
  • structure electoral choices
  • organize and mobilize campaigns
  • aggregate political interests
  • channel communication
  • select candidates
  • organize government

comparative politics wwu (3 decks)

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