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Physiological Psychology > Physiological Psychology: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology: Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

2-AG (sn-2 Arachidonylglycerol)

A

chemical that is produced in large quantities by the brain and that attaches to cannabinoid receptors

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2
Q

Acetylcholine

A

chemical similar to an amino acid, except that the NH2 group has been replaced by an N(CH3)3 group; a neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that breaks acetylcholine into acetate and choline

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4
Q

Affinity

A

tendency of a drug to bind to a particular type of receptor

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5
Q

Agonist

A

drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Alcoholism

A

inability to quit drinking or to limit intake of alcohol in spite of strong intentions to do so

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7
Q

Amino Acids

A

acids containing an amine group

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8
Q

Amphetamine

A

stimulant drug that increases the release of dopamine

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9
Q

Anandamide

A

naturally occurring brain chemical that binds to the same receptors as cannabinoids

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10
Q

Antagonist

A

drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

portion of the pituitary gland, composed of glandular tissue

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12
Q

Autoreceptor

A

presynaptic receptor that is stimulated by the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic cell itself, feeding back to decrease further release of the transmitter

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13
Q

Cannabinoids

A

chemicals related to ”9THC, the component of marijuana that alters experience

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14
Q

Catecholamines

A

compounds such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine that contain both catechol and an amine (NH2)

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15
Q

Cocaine

A

stimulant drug that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron

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16
Q

COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase )

A

enzyme that converts catecholamines into synaptically inactive forms

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17
Q

Dopamine Transporter

A

membrane protein that enables the presynaptic neuron to reabsorb dopamine after releasing it

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18
Q

Efficacy

A

tendency of a drug to activate a particular kind of receptor

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19
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

structure that releases hormones into the blood

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20
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

graded depolarization of a neuron

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21
Q

Exocytosis

A

excretion of neurotransmitter through the membrane of a presynaptic terminal and into the synaptic cleft between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

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22
Q

G-protein

A

protein coupled to GTP (guanosine triphosphate, an energy-storing molecule)

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23
Q

Gases

A

one of the categories of neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide and possibly others

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24
Q

Hallucinogenic Drugs

A

drugs that grossly distort perception, such as LSD

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25
Q

Hormone

A

chemical secreted by glands and conveyed by the blood to other organs

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26
Q

Inhibitory Postsyaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane

27
Q

Ionotropic Effect

A

synaptic effect that depends on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane

28
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A

enzyme that converts catecholamines and serotonin into synaptically inactive forms

29
Q

Metabotropic Effect

A

effect at a synapse that produces a relatively slow but long-lasting eff ect through metabolic reactions

30
Q

Methadone

A

chemical similar to heroin and morphine but often given as a substitute because it can be taken orally, in which case its effects rise and fall more slowly

31
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

A

stimulant drug that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic neuron

32
Q

Monoamine

A

nonacidic neurotransmitter containing an amine group (NH2), formed by a metabolic change of certain amino acids

33
Q

Neuropeptide

A

chemical formed of a chain of amino acids; released by a neuron to diff use widely, aff ecting many other neurons

34
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical released by neurons that affects other neurons

35
Q

Nicotine

A

drug found in tobacco that, among other effects, stimulates certain acetylcholine receptors

36
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

gas released by many small neurons; alters blood flow as well as neuronal activity

37
Q

Opiate Drugs

A

class of drugs derived from, or similar to those derived from, opium poppies

38
Q

Oxytocin

A

hormone released by the posterior pituitary; also a neurotransmitter; important for sexual and parental behaviors

39
Q

Peptide Hormone

A

hormone composed of a short chain of amino acids

40
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus

41
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

portion of the pituitary gland, which releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

42
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

neuron on the receiving end of a synapse

43
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

neuron on the releasing end of a synapse

44
Q

Protein Hormone

A

hormone composed of a long chain of amino acids

45
Q

Purine

A

category of chemicals including adenosine

46
Q

Reflex

A

consistent, automatic response to a stimulus

47
Q

Reflex Arc

A

circuit of neurons from the sensory neurons to muscle responses that produces a reflex

48
Q

Releasing Hormone

A

hormone released by the hypothalamus that fl ows through the blood to the anterior pituitary

49
Q

Reuptake

A

reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal

50
Q

Second Messenger

A

chemical within a neuron that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, initiates processes that carry messages to several areas within the neuron

51
Q

Self-Stimulation of the Brain

A

behavior that is reinforced by direct electrical stimulation of a brain area

52
Q

Spatial Summation

A

combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron

53
Q

Spontaneous Firing Rate

A

periodic production of action potentials by a neuron in the absence of synaptic input

54
Q

Stimulant Drugs

A

drugs that tend to produce excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue, and sometimes increased motor activity

55
Q

Synapse

A

point of communication at the gap between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle

56
Q

Temporal Summation

A

cumulative effect as a result of repeated synaptic stimulation within a brief time

57
Q

Transmitter-Gated Channel

A

ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it

58
Q

Transporter

A

membrane protein responsible for the reuptake of a neurotransmitter after its release

59
Q

Type I Alcoholism

A

generally less severe type of alcohol abuse with a gradual onset and only a weak genetic predisposition; occurs about equally in men and women

60
Q

Type II Alcoholism

A

severe alcohol abuse with a strong genetic basis and rapid onset early in life; much more common in men

61
Q

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A

pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore to secrete highly concentrated urine

62
Q

Vesicles

A

tiny, nearly spherical packets near the axon terminals filled with the neurotransmitter

63
Q

”9tetrahydrocannabinol (”9THC)

A

chemical found in the leaves of marijuana plants

Physiological Psychology (9 decks)

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