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Biology 111 > Chapter 10.2 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 10.2 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when chromosomes super condense?

A

It can’t read DNA

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2
Q

What are cohesion proteins?

A

They are chromatids held closely together.

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3
Q

What is attached to the kinetochore?

A

Microtubules

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4
Q

What happens in G2 when the chromosomes condense?

A

They become tightly coiled.

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5
Q

During Interphase what do Centrioles do?

A

They replicate and move to each end or pole of the cell.

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6
Q

List the five phases of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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7
Q

What are some characteristics of Prophase?

A

The chromosomes further condense, centrioles move to each pole (anchors pull sister chromosomes apart), spindle apparatus is assembled and the nuclear envelope dissolves

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8
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It is a double membrane which surrounds the nucleus within the cell.

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of Prometaphase?

A

Sister chromosomes become attach to the spindle apparatus by their kinetochores, A second set of microtubules is formed from the poles to each kinetochore, and the microtubules begin to pull each chromosome toward the center of the cell

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10
Q

What are centrioles?

A

They are a set of small microtubules which are arranged in a specific way.

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of Metaphase?

A

The microtubules pull the chromosomes to align them at the center of the cell, and sister chromatids line up on the metaphase plate.

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12
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

It is an imaginary plane through the center of the cell.

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of Anaphase?

A

It is where the removal of cohesion allows the centromeres to separate, the microtubules pull sister chromatids toward the poles and in anaphase A the kinetochores are pulled toward the poles.

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14
Q

What are some characteristic of Telophase?

A

It is where spindle apparatus disassembles, the nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids, chromosomes begin to uncoil and nucleus reappears in each new nucleus.

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15
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

It is the cleavage of the cell into halves so the division of a cell.

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16
Q

What is Telophase the opposite of?

A

It is the opposite of prophase

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17
Q

What is cleavage furrow?

A

It is a structure formed in cytokinesis of an animal cell.

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18
Q

What forms a cell plate?

A

Plasma membrane in plants.

19
Q

What is a cell plate formed by?

A

Vesicles

20
Q

Does the nuclear membrane break down?

A

No it does not

21
Q

For what does mitosis occur in the nucleus?

A

For fungi and some protist

22
Q

What are the three checkpoints?

A

It is from G1 to S, from G2 to mitosis, and from metaphase to anaphase.

23
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycle

24
Q

What is Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)?

A

Enzymes that drive the cell cycle.

25
Q

When are Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) activated?

A

When bound by a cyclin

26
Q

What do Cdks activate?

A

They activate proteins by phosphorylation

27
Q

What is the checkpoint from metaphase called?

A

The spindle checkpoint

28
Q

What happens in the first checkpoint from G1 to S?

A

The cell decides to divide

29
Q

What happens in the second checkpoint from G2 to M?

A

The cell makes a commitment to mitosis

30
Q

What happens in the final checkpoint from metaphase to anaphase?

A

The cell ensures the chromosomes are attached to the spindle before dividing

31
Q

What is APC?

A

It stands for Anaphase-promoting complex

32
Q

What does APC do?

A

It is what the signal that proceeds from metaphase to anaphase is transmitted through

33
Q

What does APC activate?

A

It activates proteins which remove the cohesion holding sister chromatids together

34
Q

What is chromatin made of ?

A

It is made of a complex of DNA and proteins (Histones).

35
Q

What does a growth factor do?

A

It triggers intracellular signals that override cell controls that other whist inhibit cell division.

36
Q

What is an example of growth factor?

A

It is Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

37
Q

What does PDGF do?

A

It triggers cells to divide during wound healing.

38
Q

What is cancer?

A

It is the failure of cell cycle control, resulting in runaway cell division.

39
Q

What are the two kinds of genes that can cause cancer when mutated?

A

Tumor-suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes

40
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

They are normally the breaks which prevent division in cells containing mutations.

41
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

They are normally the gas which code for growth factors or signal transduction proteins that promote normal cell division.

42
Q

What are two examples of tumor suppressor genes?

A

p53 and Rb

43
Q

What can cause cancer when introduced into a new cell?

A

Oncogenes

Biology 111 (12 decks)

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