week 2- aging Flashcards
ID the steps in the Neurochemical Cascade during the Induction of LTP
The large Ca2+influx activates certain _protein kinase_s– enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation.
CaM kinase affects AMPA receptors:
•Phosphorylates receptors in dendritic spines
•Moves receptors from the interior of the spines into the membrane
- The activated protein kinases also trigger protein synthesis.
- Kinases phosphorylate and activate the transcription factor cAMP responsive element-binding protein(CREB)
name the trophins involved in Growth, maintenance, survival, plasticity
- Neurotrophin family
- Brain-derivedneurotrophicfactor (BDNF)
- Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)
- Nerve growth factor (NGF)
- Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
- Galanin
ID the impact of exercise on the brain
Trophic factor gene expression.
Dendritic arborization, spine densities.
Neurogenesis (hippocampus).
ID the types of learning and memory
involved in consolidation process from short term memory are the following
Hippocampus and temporal (entorhinal) cortex: declarative
Basal ganglia and motor cortex:
non-declarative
name the tasks most important in hippocampal, caudate and visual cortex, basal ganglia
hippocampus- spatial (episodic memory, events)
caudate nucleus of basal ganglia - response recognition (skill learning)
visual cortex- for object recognition (cortical areas in general are important for semantic memory)
what can cause changes in grey matter
when does grey vs white matter decline
cell death, shrinkage, synaptic pruning, or myelination (i.e. change in proportion of white matter).
grey matter- generally declines between aldulthood and old age
white- generally increases, peaks 19-40 yrs old then plummits
elevation in what 3 things predict Alzheimer’s-related cognitive decline
CSF, beta-amyloid and tau
brain regions associated with aging
Locus Coeruleus (NE) in pons:
- attention, sleep architecture ( may be why sleep quality declines with age, this is also associated with stress)
Substantia Nigra, VTA (DA):
- motor control, motivation?
N. Basalis (ACh):
- cognitive functions
hippocampal shrinkage also seen
Diminished autobiographical memory associated with decreased volumes in what lobe of the brain
temporal- often seen in alz, main marker. Alz PTs loose sense of self
ID some changes that are involved with normal aging on MRI and then with functional imaging
Structural (primarily MRI):
- Cortical gray matter reduction (and ventricular enlargement), primarily frontal cortex .
- Decreased temporal lobe volumes (hippocampus and entorhinal cortex).
- Anterior white matter decline.
Functional (fMRI, PET, SPECT):
- Decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF); primarily cortex.
- Decreased sensory-evoked activation in primary sensory areas and increased activation
in prefrontal cortex (compensatory).
- General decreases in lateralization (hemispheric asymmetry reduction in old [HAROLD], a compensatory strategy).
ID the structural andfunctional changes seen in AD
Structural:
Early
Decreased hippocampal volumes.
Decreased entorhinal cortical volumes
Late
General decreases in gray and white matter.
Marked cell loss in temporal lobes and basal forebrain.
Marked cerebral atrophy.
Functional:
Reduced temporal lobe metabolism in serial learning task.
Decreased hippocampal region activation, particularly on tasks of encoding.
New regions of activation not seen during the task in healthy controls
compare and contrast normal versus AD aging
ID some mechanisms by which you could increase Ca to activate CAM
and mechanisms by which you could increase transmitter release
CAM:
A particularly strong EPSP may occur with a salient event, such as when environmental stimuli are temporally associated or when learning a new skill, which may displace the Mg++ion and render the postsynaptic membrane more excitable.
transmitter release:
Retrograde neurotransmitters, such as nitric oxide or endocannabinoids, can modulate the release of glutamate
deficits is what type of memory is typical for Alz versus parkinson
alz: spatial( declarative)
Parkinson’s: Non-declarative (implicit)
