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Histology Of The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cell body of a typical neuron have?

A

Well developed nucleolus and Nissl substance

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2
Q

What are Nissl Substances?

A

Basically rER of neurons

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3
Q

Where do dendrites of a typical neuron extend from?

A

From perikaryon

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4
Q

What increases the receptive area of a typical neuron?

A

Numerous dendritic spines that are plastic

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5
Q

What is a neuropil?

A

Dense network of nerve fiber and their branches and synapses, together with glial filaments

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6
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

Many dendrites

One axon

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7
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

One dendrite

One axon

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8
Q

What is a pseudo-unipolar neuron?

A

One cell process w/ branches, single axon, single dendrite

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9
Q

Where would you find a multipolar axons?

A

Spinal motor neurons in cns and autonomic ganglia

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10
Q

Where would you find bipolar neurons?

A

Sensory neurons in olfactory epithelium, retina, ganglia of vestibulocochlear n.

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11
Q

Where would you find pseudo-unipolar neurons?

A

Sensory neurons in the PNS

Dorsal root ganglia

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12
Q

How are neurons in the PNS myelinated?

A

Satellite cells surround soma

Schwann cells wraps itself around the axons and form myelin

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13
Q

How does a Schwann cell myelinate?

A

1 cell to 1 neuron?

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14
Q

What is a myelin sheath in the PNS made of?

A

Mostly made of phospholipids

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15
Q

How are axons myelinated in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes myelinates and warps a cell process around the axon

1 cell to many neurons

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16
Q

How do synapses communicate?

A

Unidirectional

Coverts electrical signal (nerve impulses) from presynaptic cell

To chemical signal

To postsynaptic cell

And most release NTRs

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17
Q

What comprises a chemical syanpse?

A

Presynaptic bouton/terminal
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane

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18
Q

What does the presynaptic bouton contain?

What does it do?

A

Mitochondria
Synaptic vesicles

Release NTRs via exocytosis

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19
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

A 20-30 NK wide intercellular space that separates pre and post synaptic membranes

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20
Q

What does the postsynaptic membrane contain?

A

Receptors for NTRs

Ion channels to initiate a new impulse

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21
Q

What is an electrical synapse

A

Direct, passive flow of electrical current between neurons using gap junctions

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22
Q

What is contained in the electrical synapse?

A

Connexon proteins

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23
Q

What do connexon proteins do?

A

Link pre and post synaptic membranes and allow for ions to flow thru

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24
Q

Where are electrical synapses found?

A

Retina
Olfactory bulb
Inferior Olivary nucleus

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25
Q

What do the different axon connections allow for?

I.e. axon to cell body, axon to axon, axon to dendrite

A

Allows for modulation of different signals coming in at same time

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26
Q

What is anterograde transport in axons?

A

Transport from nerve cell body to axon

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27
Q

How does anterograde transport happen?

A

Utilizes kinesiology, microtubule-associated motor protein

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28
Q

What is retrograde transport in axons?

A

Transport from axon terminal to cell body/dendrites

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29
Q

How does retrograde transport occur?

A

Uses dynein- a microtubule associated motor protein

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30
Q

What uses retrograde transport?

Example?

A

Endocytosed toxins and viruses

-shingles

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31
Q

What uses slow transport?

Speed of slow?

A

Anterograde movement of substances usually cytoskeleton elements

.2-4.0 mm/day

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32
Q

What uses fast transport?

Speed?

A

Both retrograde and anterograde (bidirectional) movement of organelles

20-400 mm/day

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33
Q

What are astrocytes

A

Type of glial cells with large number of long,branching processes

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34
Q

What are the proximal regions of astrocytes reinforced with?

What are these made of?

A

Reinforced with intermediate filaments

Made of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

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35
Q

What do the intermediate filaments of astrocytes do?

A

Forms network of terminals connecting synapses and other structures

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36
Q

How many synaptic sites do the terminal processes of a single astrocytes typically associate with?

A

Over 1 million synaptic sites

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37
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes

A

Establish BBB with their endfeet

Regulate immediate microenvironment around cell in terms of ion concentration

Reuptake NTRs

Assists with neuronal development

Replicates to occupy space of dying neurons

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38
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Glial cells that extend processes to wrap nearby axons in myelin in the CNS

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39
Q

Histologically, how do oligodendrocytes appear?

A

Small cells with rounded, condensed nuclei and unstained cytoplasm

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40
Q

What are microglia?

A

Migratory glial cell that removes damaged or inactive synapses or other fibrous components

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41
Q

Which glial cell is a major mechanism of immune defense in the CSF?

A

Microglia - remove any microbial invaders

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42
Q

What do microglial cells originate from?

A

Monocytes

43
Q

What is the funciton of microglial cells?

A

Phagocytize invaders moving thru CNS

Protect CNS by engulfing infectious agents and other potential harmful substances

44
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line brain ventricles and central canal of SC

45
Q

Histologically, how do ependymal cells appear?

A

Columnar or cuboidal cells
Apical end may have cilia and long microvilli
No basal lamina present

46
Q

What do the cilia and long microvilli of ependymal cells do?

A

Facilitate movement of CSF

Involved in absorption

47
Q

How do ependymal cells create fluid boundary?

A

Joined apically by apical junctional complexes

48
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of SC

Assists in production and circulation of CSF

49
Q

Where are choroid plexus cells found?

A

In roofs of 3rd and 4th ventricles and parts of lateral ventricular walls

50
Q

Histologically, how do choroid plexus cells appear?

A

Thin, elaborate folded layer of well vascularized pia mater

Covered by cuboidal ependymal cells

51
Q

What do choroid plexus cells do?

A

Remove water from blood and release it as CSF

52
Q

What is contained in chorodi plexus cells?

A

Na, k, and CL (took it out so CSF doesn’t have it)

Some proteins

Sparse lymphocytes

53
Q

What does the CSF fill?

A

Ventricles, central canal of SC, and perivascular spaces

54
Q

What are villous structures?

A

Branching system of blood vessels that run in fronds

55
Q

What are fronds composed of?

A

Fibrous core covered by cuboidal/columnar epithelium

56
Q

What does the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus cells rest on?

What projects from them?

A

Basal lamina

Long bulbous microvilli

57
Q

What is found between epithelial cells of the choroid plexus?

A

Zona occludens (tight junctions) that contribute tot he blood-CSF barrier

58
Q

What is the dorsal (posterior) horn of the spinal cord for?

A

Sensory info

59
Q

What is the ventral horn of the spinal cord function?

A

Assoc. motor neurons

60
Q

What is in the center of the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter shaped like a butterfly

61
Q

How can you tell apart dorsal and ventral horns?

A

Dorsal = smaller wing

Ventral = will see motor neurons in it

62
Q

Where is the central canal of the Spinal cord?

What is it lined with? What does it contain?

A

In central commissure of grey matter

Lined w/ ependymal cells

Contains CSF

63
Q

What does the white matter of the Sc contain?

A

Ascending sensory tracts

Descending motor tracts

64
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

A

Molecular
Purkinje
Granule cell

65
Q

What is found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

Where is this layer in relation to the others?

A

Many neuropil and scattered neuronal cell bodies

Most superficial layer

66
Q

What characterizes the purkinje layer of the cerebellum?

A

Extend dendrites thru-out the molecular layer

“branching baskets of nerve fibers”

67
Q

What is contained in the granule cell layer of the cerebellum?

Where is this layer in relation to the others?

A

Very small, densely packed neurons
Little neuropil

Deepest layer

68
Q

Where and what is the cerebellar medulla?

A

Located deep to all the layers

White matter of the cerebellum

69
Q

How many layers of the cerebral cortex are there?

A

Six

70
Q

What 5 cell types are there in the neocortex?

A 
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells (aka Stellate)
Cell of martinotti
Fusiform cells
Horizontal cells of Cajal

+supporting glia

71
Q

How many layers are the older parts of the cortex arranged into? What is this called?

A

3 layers

Archicortex

72
Q

What are two types of pyramidal cells?

A

Pyramid shaped cell bodies

Betz cells

73
Q

What is the apex of pyramid shaped cell bodies directed toward?

A

Cortical surface

74
Q

What are Betz cells?

A

Largest pyramidal cells

Upper motor nuerons of the motor cortex

75
Q

What are granular cells?

What is another name for them?

A

Small neurons w/ a cell body in the shape of a star

Stellate cells

76
Q

How will granular cells appear in micrographs

A

As granules

Not stars

77
Q

What are cells of martinotti?

A

Small polygonal cells w/ few short dendrites

78
Q

What are fusiform cells?

A

Spindle shaped cells at right angle to the surface cerebral cortex

79
Q

What are the horizontal cells of Cajal?

A

Small and spindle shaped

Oriented parallel to the surface

80
Q

Which cell type is least common in the cerebral cortex

A

Horizontal cells of Cajal

81
Q

What are the six layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. External pyramidal layer
  4. Inner granular layer
  5. Ganglionic layer
  6. Multiform (polymorphic) layer
82
Q

What does the molecular layer consist of?

Which layer is it?

A

Layer 1

Consists largely of fibers traveling parallel to the surface

Neuroglia cells and horiz. Cells of Cajal

83
Q

What does the external granular layer consist of?

Which layer is it?

A

Second layer

Consists mainly of small pyramidal cells and granule cells

84
Q

What does the inner granular layer consist of?

Which layer is it?

A

Layer 4

Many small granule cells

85
Q

What does the Ganglionic layer consist of?

Which layer is it?

A

Fifth layer

Internal pyramidal layer
Large pyramidal cells (Betz cells) in motor areas

86
Q

What does the Multiform (polymorphic) layer consist of?

Which layer is it?

A

Layer 6

Contains cells w/ diverse shapes
many fusiform cells

87
Q

What is the most common neurodegenerative disease?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

88
Q

When does Alzheimer’s typically present? What does incidence increase with?

A

~70 y.o.

Increase w/ age

89
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Memory failure

Progressing steadily to involve motor skills, speech and sensation

90
Q

What is the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Unknown

Small population has genetic assoc.

91
Q

What happens to the gyri as a result/cause of alzheimers?

A

Thinning of gyri

Especially those of frontal and temporal lobes

92
Q

Histologically, what do we see for Alzheimers?

A

Amyloid beta plaques
Neurofibrillary tangle
Neuronal loss

93
Q

How do amyloid beta plaques look histologically?

A

Amorphous, pink masses in cortex

Look like circular discs

94
Q

What do neurofibrillary tangles look like histologically?

What are they formed by?

A

Flame shaped skeins

Abnormal accumulation of tau protein

95
Q

What is substantia nigra? What is its role?

A

Mass of grey matter with multipolar neurons w/ dark pigment

Role in fine control of motor function

96
Q

What does substantia nigra have connections with?

A

Cortex
SC
Corpus striatum
Reticular formation

97
Q

What do the neurons of substantia nigra contain?

A

Membrane bound granules of neuromelanin pigments

98
Q

What will neuromelanin produce?

A

Dopamine

99
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra leading to loss of dopamine

100
Q

What are the clinical features of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Slow movement, tremor, rigidity

101
Q

What is the etiology of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Unknown

102
Q

What are the remaining neurons of the substantia nigra called In Parkinson’s?

A

Lewy bodies

103
Q

How do Lewy bodies appear histologically?

What are they composed of?

A

Have distinctive inclusion s
Rounded pink staining w/ pale halo

Composed of aggregates of alpha-synuclein protein + others

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