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Voluntary Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the cortical areas associated w/ the production of voluntary motion ?

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex
Pre-motor cortex

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2
Q

How does pre motor cortex participate in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Receives SENSORY INFO needed to move and decides what motion to produce

Applies RULES, is it OK to move??

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3
Q

What are the 2 division of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

SMA

Pre-SMA

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4
Q

How does SMA participate in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Postural control

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5
Q

How does pre-SMA participate in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Plans motor sequences and has exec. Control over the TACTICS/strategies to use

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6
Q

What are the three functions of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Organize motor sequences

Acquire motor skills

Executive control (decision to switch actions/strategies)

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7
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre central gyrus

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8
Q

What is highly represented on the pre central gyrus?

A

Controls regions of body that do fine motions(i.e. Hands)

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9
Q

What does the primary motor cortex get particularly excited by?

A

Specific movements that are related to moving arms/hands INTO the face(mouth) or body

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10
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organized?

A

Into columns

Neocortex arranged into columns, made up of 6 layers

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11
Q

What does layer 4 of the neocortex contain?

A

A layer of synapses that receives sensory info from the specific muscle assoc. w/ column

Sensory info - muscle and joint proprioception

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12
Q

What does layer 5 of the columns in the primary motor cortex do?

A

Output for CST pathway to go down SC

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13
Q

What do a subset of CST axons synapse on?

What are these called?

A

Can synapse on alpha MN controlling Muscle assoc. w/ column

Subset = pre-motor neuron (a UMN)

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14
Q

What are the 2 sets of neurons found in each columN

A

One STARTS motion

One MAINTAINS motion as long as necessary

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15
Q

What does stimulation of any given column produce?

A

A specific movement

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16
Q

To control a fine motion, the column would stimulate ___?

A

Contraction of a SINGLE muscle

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17
Q

To control a general motion, the column would stimulate ___?

A

Stimulate GROUP of muscles for contraction

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18
Q

What do neighboring columns have in common?

A

Control related MOTION

Not necessarily Ms.

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19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of columns?

A
  1. On/off for agonist

2. On/off for antagonist

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20
Q

What does the primary motor cortex code for?

A

Individual motions required to reach the goal

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21
Q

What is the dorsal visual pathway?

A

Occipital cortex —> parietal/frontal cortex

Helps us complete motor acts based on visual input

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22
Q

What does reaching require info about?

A

About OBJECT’s location

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23
Q

How is info for reaching real eye?

A

Visual cortex —> Parietal cortex, V6a, PEc, MIP, VIP —> VIP makes ROUGH map —> F4 makes Detailed map

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24
Q

What does the Vental intraparietal area do?

A

Makes rough map of space around you

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25
Where if F4 found?
Within the premotor cortex
26
What does F4 do?
Creates DETAILED map of space around you
27
What excites the neurons within F4?
Excited by proximity of objects CLoser you are, more excited they get!!
28
What is the info relay system for your own body position?
F2 in the premotor cortex
29
What is the pathway for info about your body position?
Visual info about where arm is —> superior parietal cortex —> F2 in pre motor cortex
30
What does F2 do?
Creates a related map of where your ARM (or other body part) is in relationship to body and things around you
31
What does Grasping info about?
Info about what you INTEND on doing and the FEATURES OF ITEM Gs = Goal and Grasping
32
What is the info relay system for grasping?
AIP and PFG —> F5 —> Goal of action
33
Will stimulation of F5 produce a motor act
No
34
If neurons in the AIP and PFG are excited just by seeing an object to grasp, what do we call them?
Visually dominant
35
If neurons in the AIP and PFG are excited just grasping an object, what do we call them?
Motor dominant
36
If neurons in the AIP and PFG are excited by seeing AND grasping an object, what do we call them?
Visuomotor neuron
37
Why are there different F5 neurons?
Different ones for different goals I.e. sipping from a cup vs. carrying a bunch of cups
38
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Sequence complex actions Correct force/direction Balance and eye movements Learning of complex actions
39
What are the 2 regions within the spinocerebellum?
Vermis Paravermis
40
What is the Vermis in control of?
Postural control of ONGOING motions
41
What are the inputs to the vermis?
Vestibular Visual and auditory Efferent copy
42
What are the outputs of the Vermis regions?
Interposed nuclei Fastigial nucleus RuT
43
What is the Paravermis region of the SPinocerebellum for?
Correct force and direction of ONGOING motion Control of BALLISTIC Motions
44
What are the input to the paravermis region?
Msucle afferent (force and direction) Efferent copy
45
What are the outputs of the paravermis region of the spinocerebellum?
Interposed nuclei RuT
46
What does the cerebrocerebellum do?
PLAN complex motions and sequence of them NOT ONGOING
47
What are the inputs to the cerebrocerebellum?
All regions of cerebral cortex NO EFFERENT COPY
48
What are the outputs of the cerebrocerebellum?
Dentate Back to cortex
49
What makes up the vestibulocerebellum?
Flocculus Nodule
50
What is the vestibulocerebellum for?
Balance/eye movements; for FUTURE movements
51
What are the inputs to the vestibulocerebellum?
Vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)
52
What are the outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?
Fastigial nucleus —> vestibular nuclei | Will then ascend or descend
53
What causes Myasthenia Gravis?
Anti body against the nicotinic cholinergic R. Located at the motor end plate
54
What does the LGN do?
Begins early processing of the visual imaging at an UNCONSCIOUS level
55
What does the ventral pathway do for a visual image?
Naming/identifying objects in field of vision
56
What does the dorsal pathway do for a visual image?
Transmits visual image to MOTOR and Sensory cortices for ACTION
57
What is dopamine that is made in the vetnral tegmental area for?
For emotions
58
What is the dopamine made int he substantia nigra made for?
Motor control
59
What is the dopamine made in the hypothalamus made for?
Endocrine control
60
What are D1 receptors associated with? Causing what?
Gs —> increase cAMP —> increase excitability of neuron
61
What are D2 receptors assoc. w/?
Gi —> decrease in cAMP —> decrease in neuronal excitability
62
What are D1-like receptors?
D5
63
What are D2 like receptors?
D3 and D4
64
What does spasticity result from?
Overactive gamma motor neurons that makes msucle spindle hypersensitive Causes overactive response to a passive motion
65
What could cause over active gamma motor neurons?
Damage to brainstem’ s inhibitory region Facilitatory regions are dominant and will produce too much gamma MNs
66
What control the walking motion?
A central pattern generator in the SC
67
What is a Central Pattern Generator?
Collection of neurons whose output controls/generates a motor act that needs to be repeated over and over to be effective w
68
What kinds of motions are controlled by CPGs? Examples?
Rhythmic, stereotyped and modifiable motions Are more complex that reflexes but less than voluntary EX.: breathing or walking
69
What does sensory info do to the CPG?
Can modifying the action occurring
70
Where it’s he general location of the CPG for walking?
Spinal cord
71
The CPG for walking is under control of what?
Voluntary control that checks if it is OK to walk right now and what the GOAL is Priamry motor cortex and cerebellar regions = significant role in activated walking CPG
72
What will sensory info to the walking CPG make sure of?
Makes sure walking motion is appropriate to the environment that I am walking in
73
What happens when we take away sensory input to the CPG?
CPG slows down walking pace
74
What is the normal mechanism of activation of the CPG?
Cortex
75
What do we see regarding the walking CPG in patients w/ spinal cord injuries?
Sensory info can initiate activity of CPG
76
How are postural adjustments to walking made?
Require descending influences of cortex and cerebellum NOT CONTROLLED BY CPG
77
What is the funciton of basal ganglia?
Involved in planning and programming of movements Input impt. To initiate movement Controls beginnings and end of movement
78
Said basically, how do basal ganglia work?
By inhibition and de-inhibition influences “excess of GABA”
79
What is the direct pathway also called?
Striatonigal GABA pathway
80
What parts of the thalamus are inhibited by basal ganglia?
VA and VL
81
What does the cortex release to act on striatum in the indirect pathway? From what tract?
EAA and ACh from intrastriatal tract
82
What is the receptor on striatal neurons in the direct partway?
D1 - assoc. with Gs - induces excitability
83
What is the receptor on striatal neurons in the indirect pathways?
D2 - assoc. w/ Gi - hyperpolarization
84
What is the cause of Parkinson’s? What are the 2 resutls of this?
Subst. Nigra Pars Compacta input is abolished 1. Direct pathway hard to activate 2. Indirect pathways is overactive
85
What cortex is Association with voluntary motion?
Prefrontal cortex
86
What are the 2 functions seen iwth the prefrontal cortex
Judgment 1. Plans complex motor actions 2. Carries out thought processes
87
Interaction with what regions of the brain determine IF motion will occur?
Frontal, premotor, SMC, and basal ganglia
88
What does the prefrontal cortex interact with for voluntary motion to occur?
W/ parieto-temporal-occipital association area and all levels of the motor cortex and cerebellum. Frontal assoc. area, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex and cerebrocerebellum
89
Once a motion is planned, sequenced and approved what will be activated in order to initiate movement?
Columns in PMC
90
How do you get from columns —> muscles?
APs down axons of pyramidal cells to alpha MNs —> ms.
91
What is the role of alpha-gamma co-activation int he production of voluntary motion?
Voluntary motion requires that if the Brain activates the alpha MN, it must also activate the Gamma MN for spindles in contracting muscle (agonist) And vice versa
92
Why do the alpha and gamma need to be co activated?
Bc muscle spindle will oppose motion, bc the muscles are being stretched. Gamma comes in and reduces the sensitivity of the msucle spindles in antagonist muscle

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