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Week 7 - Clinical Microbiology & Infections 2 > Viral Respiratory Tract Infection > Flashcards

Viral Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Define the common cold [1]

A

widespread infectious viral disease causing inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and bronchial tubes

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2
Q

What are the viral causes of the common cold? [7]

A
  • most common causes:
    1. rhinovirus
    2. coronavirus
  • other causes:
    1. parainfluenza virus
    2. influenza
    3. human metapneumovirus
    4. RSV
    5. adenovirus
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3
Q

What are the typical symptoms of the common cold? [4]

A
  1. Sore “scratchy” throat
  2. Rhinorrhoea
    • persistent watery mucous discharge from nose (runny nose)
  3. Nasal obstruction
  4. Headache
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4
Q

What are the potential complications of the common cold? [2]

A
  1. Otitis media
  2. Sinusitis
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5
Q

The common cold can cause severe infection in what types of patients? [5]

A
  1. Elderly
  2. Immunocompromised
  3. Asthma
  4. COPD
  5. CF
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6
Q

Define pharyngitis [1]

A

pharyngeal inflammation

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7
Q

What are the viral causes of pharyngitis? [7]

A
  • common causes:
    1. adenovirus
  • other causes:
    1. RSV
    2. rhinovirus
    3. coronavirus
    4. parainfluenza
    5. human bocavirus
    6. human metapneumovirus
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8
Q

Pharyngitis can also be caused by a bacterial infection. How do you distinguish between a bacterial or viral cause of pharyngitis? [2]

A

if nasal symptoms present = viral

if nasal symptoms are not present = bacterial

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9
Q

What are the non-respiratory viral causes of pharyngitis? [3]

A
  1. Infectious mononucleosis by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
  2. HIV seroconversion illness
  3. Herpes simplex virus
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10
Q

Define croup [1]

A

Acute inflammation and obstruction of the respiratory tract that causes swelling around the vocal cords and involves the larynx and trachea and bronchi in young children

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11
Q

What are the typical symptoms of croup? [2]

A
  1. Distinctive cough (like a barking seal)
  2. Mostly mild but responsible for significant emergency visits (due to rapid onset and difficulty breathing)
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12
Q

What are the viral causes of croup? [3]

A
  • common cause:
    1. parainfluenza virus (1-4)
  • other causes:
    1. human metapneumovirus
    2. RSV
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13
Q

What is the treatment of croup? [1]

A

supportive treatment

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14
Q

Define acute bronchitis [1]

A

inflammation of bronchi caused by viruses or bacteria

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15
Q

What are the viral causes of acute bronchitis? [4]

A
  • common cause:
    1. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • other causes:
    1. adenovirus
    2. influenza
    3. human metapneumovirus
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16
Q

Define bronchiolitis [1]

A

inflammation of the bronchioles due to viral infection

17
Q

What are the viral causes of bronchiolitis? [7]

A
  • common cause:
    1. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • other causes:
    1. influenza
    2. parainfluenza
    3. human metapneumovirus
    4. human bocavirus
    5. rhinovirus
    6. coronavirus
18
Q

Define pneumonia [1]

A

inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the alveoli become filled with inflammatory cells leading to consolidation of the lungs

19
Q

What are the viral causes of pneumonia? [6]

A
  • common causes:
    1. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    2. influenza
  • other causes:
    1. parainfluenza
    2. rhinovirus
    3. adenovirus
    4. human metapneumovirus
20
Q

What drug is used to treat RSV and how effective is it? [3]

A
  1. ribavirin
    • benefit unclear
    • has numerous side effects
21
Q

What drug is used to prevent respiratory synctial virus? How is it administered and what are its advantages & disadvantages? [4]

A
  1. prophylactic monoclonal antibody called palivizumab
  2. given IM monthly
  3. can reduce hospitalisation of high risk infants by 45%
  4. but expensive
22
Q

List the symptoms of influenza virus under the following headings:

  1. neurological [3]
  2. respiratory [3]
  3. gastrointestinal [3]
  4. musculoskeletal [2]
A
  1. neurological
    • headache
    • fever
    • confusion
  2. respiratory
    • dry cough
    • sore throat
    • nasal congestion
  3. gastrointestinal
    • nausea
    • vomiting
    • diarrhoea
  4. musculoskeletal
    • myalgia
    • fatigue
23
Q

What are the potential neurological complications of influenza? [5]

A
  1. febrile convulsions
  2. reyes syndrome
  3. meningitis/encephalitis
  4. transverse myelitis
  5. Guillain-Barre syndrome
24
Q

What are the potential cardiac complications of influenza? [3]

A
  1. pericarditis
  2. myocarditis
  3. exacerbation of cardiovascular disease
25
Q

What are the potential respiratory complications of influenza? [5]

A
  1. otitis media
  2. croup
  3. sinusitis/bronchitis/pharyngitis
  4. pneumonia (viral or seconday bacterial)
  5. exacerbation of chronic lung disease
26
Q

What are the potential complications of influenza in a pregnancy? [5]

A
  1. increased maternal complications
  2. increased infant perinatal mortality
  3. increased risk of prematurity
  4. smaller neonatal size
  5. lower birth weight
27
Q

What are the potential musculoskeletal complications of influenza? [5]

A
  1. myositis
  2. rhabdomyolysis
28
Q

What are the risk factors for complicated influenza? [11]

A
  1. patients with neurological conditions
  2. patients with hepatic conditions
  3. patients with renal conditions
  4. patients with pulmonary conditions
  5. patients with chronic cardiac conditions
  6. diabetes mellitus
  7. severe immunosuppressed patients
  8. age >65yrs
  9. children <6months
  10. pregnancy (incl. up to 2 weeks post-partum)
  11. morbid obesity (BMI ≥40)
29
Q

What are the treatment options for influenza? [4]

A
  1. neuraminidase inhibitors
  2. M2 inhibitors
  3. IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors
  4. RNA polymerase inhibitors
30
Q

Name 4 neuraminidase inhibitors [4]

A
  1. Oseltamivir
  2. Zanamivir
  3. Peramivir
  4. Laninamivir
31
Q

Name two M2 inhibitors [2]

A
  1. Amantadine
  2. Rimantadine
32
Q

Give an example of a IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor [1]

A

Ribavirin

33
Q

Name 2 RNA polymerase inhibitors [2]

A
  1. Favipiravir
  2. Baloxavir

Week 7 - Clinical Microbiology & Infections 2 (16 decks)

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