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REPRODUCTION & GYNAECOLOGY > Embryology of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Embryology of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during the process of gastrulation?

A

bilaminar to trilaminar structure (endo-, meso-, ectoderm)

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2
Q

What 3 sections of the mesoderm exist and how are they arranged?

A

paraxial - most medial
intermediate
lateral plate - (most lateral)

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3
Q

What part of mesoderm forms the urogenital system?

A

intermediate

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4
Q

Describe what is meant by cranio-caudal folding?

A
  • Foetus folds from both top and bottom (like a scroll)

- curls into foetal position with yolk sac hanging from middle

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5
Q

What are the 3 segments of the urogenital system which come from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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6
Q

In which direction do the pro-, meso- and metanephros segment?

A

Cranial to caudal direction

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7
Q

What part of the 3 intermediate mesoderm segments forms the kidney?

A

metanephros

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8
Q

The mesonephros cannot produce urine as it regresses. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

  • mesonephros is functional and can produce a small amount of urine
  • joins to the cloaca which is responsible for output of developing foetus
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9
Q

The pronephros regresses completely. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

At what week does a foetus differentiate into male or female?

A

WEEK 7

weeks 4-6 undifferentiated gonadal proliferation

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11
Q

Where do the Primordial germs cells stay until migration to the intermediate mesoderm via the dorsal mesentery in weeks 4-6?

A

In the yolk sac

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12
Q

What do the Primordial germs cells do after migrating in towards the mesonephros?

A
  • Cause proliferation of epithelium => formation of gonadal ridge
  • form primitive gonad (Not M/F)
  • differentiate into somatic support cells
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13
Q

What two ducts are involved in the formation of genitalia?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) Duct (formed by peritoneum infolding alongside mesonephric duct)

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14
Q

Which duct joins at the bottom just before attaching to the urogenital sinus?

A

paramesonephric duct

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15
Q

What transcription factor protein is responsible for Male reproductive development after the primitive gonad has been formed?

A 
SRY protein (Sex determining region of Y)
- found on short arm of Y chromosome
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16
Q

Describe how the primitive gonad changes to form the male reproductive organs

A
  • Somatic support cells develop into Sertoli cells
  • Primary sex cords form medullary cords
  • Rete testis connect mesonephric tubules to the seminiferous tubules
  • Cortex depletes and thickened layer of connect tissue forms called the tunica albuginea
17
Q

What are the main functions of sertoli cells?

A
  • stimulate formation of Leydig cells (these secrete testosterone)
  • secrete AMH (antimullerian hormone)
    => causes regression of Mullerian (paramesonephric) duct
18
Q

What does the mesonephric duct form into in a male foetus?

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
19
Q

What hormone stimluates formation of genitalia and how is this hormone made?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

5-alpha-reductase changes testosterone to DHT

20
Q

What consequences can an AMH mutation cause?

A

No antimullerian hormone produced

=> female repro tract still develops from paramesonephric duct as it doesn’t regress

21
Q

What structure is responsible for descending the testis through the inguinal canal?

A

gubernaculum

22
Q

Why do the testis descend?

A

To regulate their temperature and initiate spermatogenesis

23
Q

What consequence can result from the top of the scrotal cavity being open?

A

Indirect inguinal hernia

24
Q

Does the cortex or medulla of the primitive gonad regress if the foetus is differentiating into a female?

A

Medulla regresses => opposite of males

If medulla regresses there can be no connection to mesonephric duct

25
Q

What arises from the somatic support cells if a foetus is differentiating into a female?

A

Granulosa cells surrounding eggs => creating the follicles

26
Q

What cells are found in females rather than leydig cells?

A

Thecal cells

27
Q

No AMH means the paramesonephric duct does not regress in females. What does it form?

A

Fimbrae form at cranial end of each duct

Rest of duct becomes oviduct

28
Q

What is the relevance of the epoophoron and the paroophoron?

A

no function but can form cysts or adenomas

29
Q

Gartners Cyst is a remnant of what structure in females?

A

Mesonephric duct

30
Q

What occurs when the 2 paramesonephric ducts join together and to the cloaca?

A
  • They zip together and form uterus
  • myometrium proliferates
  • connect to endoderm inferiorly
  • vacuolisation to form vaginal cavity and fornix
  • hymen closed inferiorly
31
Q

What fraction of the vaginal cavity is endoderm compared to mesoderm?

A

Inferior 2/3 endoderm

32
Q

How may the female repro system develop abnormally?

A

paramesonephric ducts join urogenital sinus seperately
=> causes 2 uterus’ and 2 vaginas

abnormal zipping of ducts after joining to urogenital sinus
=> bilateral uterus but one vagina

one gonad may not form at all
=> unicornate nucleus

33
Q

What abnormal development of the female reproductive tract cause a woman to always be infertile?

A

Cervical atresia

=> no passage for sperm to travel up to fertilise egg

34
Q

What begins the formation of the external genitalia in both males and females?

A

Division of cloaca via septum

- forms urogenital sinus and anorectal canal

35
Q

Describe the undifferentiated formation of external genitalia?

A
  • phallic portion anterior to urogenital sinus bulges forward to form genital tubercle
  • infolding of cloaca seperates urethral folds and anal folds
36
Q

What parts of the undifferentiated external genitalia form the male genitalia?

A
  • genital swelling becomes scrotal swelling
  • genital tubercle becomes glans penis
  • urethral folds zip up proximal -> distal on ventral aspect of penis
  • Ectodermal ingrowth at tip of the glans penis forms the glandular urethra
37
Q

What abnormality can occur during the zipping of the urethral folds in males?

A

Hypospadias (opening of urethra too proximal on ventral aspect of penis)

if at level of glans penis - may be caused by ectoderm problem rather than mesoderm

38
Q

The undifferentiated external changes to what structures in the female?

A
  • genital tubercle = clitoris
  • urethral folds - labius minus
  • genital swelling - labius majus

REPRODUCTION & GYNAECOLOGY (58 decks)

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