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BLISS > Physiology Of Blood > Flashcards

Physiology Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Chemoreceptors for blood locations

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors usually found in carotid bodies near the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries

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2
Q

Chemoreceptors for blood reasons for response

A

Respond to the follow

  • reduced arterial Po2
  • Acidemia
  • hypoperfusion
  • hyperthermia

Most functions of chemoreceptors are to decrease excess H+ ions and increase Po2.

  • usually does not affect Pco2*
  • this is done through changes in respiratory rates

Carotid body nerve impulses increase at a rate inverses to the arterial partial pressure of oxygen
- lower PO2 = high nerve impulses

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3
Q

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)

A

In normal levels of oxygen, this factor is degraded with the interactions of Von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL)
- must bind HIF-a with oxygen in cells to bind VHL

In hypoxia, VHL is not present due to inability of HIF-a to bind with oxygen. This results in HIF-B factor and HRE being produced which transcribes genes to promote erythropoiesis and angiogenesis
- combats hypoxia

Transcription factors = HIF-1a and ARNT

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4
Q

Hypoxia inducible factor broad mechanisms

A

Have 3 subunits: 2a, 2b, 3a

2a and 2b function to promote angiogenesis and erythropoiesis

3a is unknown officially but is believed to suppress HIF gene expression in Von hipped Linda’s disease

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5
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Glycoprotein growth factor that is synthesized in the kidneys and serve as the major stimulus to erythropoiesis in red bone marrow

  • stimulates proerythroblasts to differentiate into erythrocytes
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6
Q

Transport of CO2 in the blood

A

90% in the globin chains of the hemoglobin

10% in the plasma

Can be in 3 forms

  • dissolved CO2 in plasma
  • CO2 bound to albumin or globin chains in hemoglobin
  • chemically modified CO2 usually in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3) MOST COMMON
  • 70% of the plasma transferred in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate*
  • either bound to hemoglobin or in the plasma
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7
Q

Types of nutritional anemia and the underlying dysfunctions associated

A

usually based of MCV

Microcytic: MCV < 80
- deficiencies in iron, ascorbate (Vit. C) and/or pyridoxine

Normocytic: MCV = 80-100
- protein malnutrition

Macrocytic: MCV > 100
- deficiencies in folate of Vit B12

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8
Q

Normal hematocrit levels, hypoxia hematocrit levels and polycythemia hematocrit levels

A

Normal = 37-48%

Anemia = 30%

Polycythemia = 70%

All approximate levels

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9
Q

Factors that increase lymph flow

A

Increases in all of the following:

Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
Capillary surface area 
Capillary permeability 
Tissue metabolism 
Muscle activity
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10
Q

Factors that promote edema formation

A

Decreased plasma protein concentration

Arteriolar dilation

Venous/lymphatic obstruction

Release/presence of histamine

Increases in the following

  • capillary hydrostatic pressure, surface area and permeability
  • tissue metabolism
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11
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Disease caused by 3 possible species of nematodes and is spread by mosquitoes. One of the leading causes of global disability

Causes edema in adults by blockage of adult worms in lymph nodes

Possible agents:

  • bancrofti
  • Malayi
  • timori
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12
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

A disorder in which edema occurs due to extreme wasting of the underlying tissues and very low serum albumin levels
- edema occurs via reduced plasma on optic pressure

Symptoms:

  • fatty liver
  • decreased serum albumin, hypoglycemia, hypophosphatemia
  • weight gain
  • depigmentation of skin
  • course, red/gray hair in children
  • presents with anemia usually
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13
Q

What is the physiological buffer to acidemia?

A

Bicarbonate ions

- increase in bicarbonate ions or decreases inCO2 increase the pH of blood

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14
Q

Serum vs plasma

A

Plasma = has clotting factors

Serum = does not have clotting factors

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15
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport

Regulate O and ion concentrations

Restrict fluid losses

Defend against toxins and pathogens

Stabilize body temp

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16
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Regulatory proteins

constitutes 7% of plasma

17
Q

Solutes in plasma

A

Electrolytes

Organic nutrients

Organic wastes

18
Q

Most common white blood cells to least common

A

Neutrophils (40-80%)

Lymphocytes (20-40%)

Monocytes (2-8%)

Eosinophils (1-4%)

Basophils (<1%)

19
Q

Oxygen pressure locations highest to lowest

A

Lung capillaries (100%)

Arterial blood (90%)

Capillaries (85-45%)

Venous blood (40%)

20
Q

Steps of EPO in hypoxia

A

HIF-a stimulates renal fibroblasts to up-regulate EPO gene transcription

EPO is synthesized and then secreted into blood to get to the bones

EPO then promotes differentiation of proerythroblasts into RBCs

21
Q

High altitude vs low altitude people venous and arterial values

A

High elevations:

  • arterial blood has higher percentage of oxygen in blood at about 15mmHg lower overall pressure of oxygen in blood
  • venous blood has a slightly higher oxygen percentage in blood at roughly 20mmHG lower overall pressure of oxygen in blood

due to higher overall levels of RBCs in high altitude populations and the RBCs are more efficient at delivering it to tissues

22
Q

How are blood glucose levels controlled?

A

Suppression of hepatic glucose production

Stimulation of hepatic glucose uptake

Stimulation of peripheral tissue glucose uptake

23
Q

What type of immune cell is produced by both monocytic and lymphocytic lineages

A

Dendritic cells

24
Q

What is the most common antibody in the serum?

A

IgG = from womb until 3 yrs

IgM = 3 yrs - death

25
Q

Extrinsic vs intrinsic systems

A

Extrinisc: begins via tissue factors with factor 7 as the precursor to the cascade

Intrinsic : begins with surface factors interacting with factor 12.
- precursor is factor 9

  • vitamin K is required for both pathways*
  • both pathways lead to production of cross-linked fibrin clot*
26
Q

Heparin vs warfarin

A

Heparin: blocks factor 10 (low dose) and blocks thrombin (high does)

Warfarin: blocks all vitamin K dependent factors from being produced ( 7, 9,10, prothrombin)

both stop coagulation

27
Q

Production of thrombin from prothrombin

A

Requires factor 5, lipids and calcium to form thrombin

- thrombin is the main factor for cleaving fibrin from fibrinogen

28
Q

What two molecules are secreted from vessel injury to promote platelet factor 3

A

ADP and TXA2

  • platelet factor speeds up prothrombin -> thrombin conversion
29
Q

Coumadin targets

A

Thrombin and factor 8

  • prevents fibrinogen -> fibrin conversion
30
Q

Layers of centrifuged blood

A

Plasma

Buffy coat

RBCs

in this order

31
Q

Reynolds number

A

Density x diameter x velocity/ viscosity

  • determines rate through a pipe (vessel) based on these 4 factors*
  • viscosity l is inversely related to Reynolds number*
  • narrowing of a blood vessel increase Reynolds number since the velocity increases*
32
Q

Types of blood flow

A

Streamline/laminar flow: normal pattern of flow that is highly efficient and follows poisuellie law

  • is silent on examination
  • raynauds number of 1-2000
  • low driving number

Turbulent flow: higher than average velocity that is often caused by narrowing of vessels.

  • does not follow poisuellie law and is inefficient with energy
  • generates a Bruit or murmur upon examination
  • raynauds number is greater than 2000
  • high driving pressure

BLISS (42 decks)

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