Chapter 14: disease and epidemiology

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

study of the cause of a disease

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

development of disese

Question 4

infection

Answer 4

colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 5

disease

Answer 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not functionally normal

Question 6

this type of microbiota permanently colonize the host

Answer 6

normal microbiota

Question 7

the microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months

Answer 7

transient microbiota

Question 8

this is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Answer 8

symbiosis

Question 9

what is microbial antagonism

Answer 9

competition between microbes

Question 10

what are 4 tasks of normal microbiota

Answer 10

1. commensal or mutualistic
2. protect the host
3. synthesize essential vitamins
4. facilitate nutrient uptake

Question 11

what are the 3 ways that microbiota protect the host

Answer 11

1. occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
2. producing acids
3. producing bacteriocins

Question 12

what was Kich’s Postulates

Answer 12

it was used to determine the cause of an infectious disease. The test involved isolating a disease from dead animal and injecting it into healthy animal then isolating the bacteria again

Question 13

communicable disease

Answer 13

a disease that can spread from one host to another

Question 14

contagious disease

Answer 14

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

Question 15

noncommunicable disease

Answer 15

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

Question 16

incidence

Answer 16

fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

Question 17

prevalence

Answer 17

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Question 18

sporadic disease

Answer 18

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

Question 19

endemic disease

Answer 19

disease constantly present in a population

Question 20

epidemic disease

Answer 20

disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Question 21

pandemic disease

Answer 21

worldwide epidemic

Question 22

herd immunity

Answer 22

immunity in most of a population

Question 23

what are some factors taht make the body more susceptible to disease

Answer 23

1. physiology
2. genetics
3. environment
4. age
5. health
6. diet
7. lifestyle
8. chemotherapy

Question 24

what are the 5 stages of a disease

Answer 24

1. incubation period
2. prodromal period
3. period of illness
4. period of decline
5. period of convalescence

Question 25

disease can spread during which stage of disease

Answer 25

all the stages

Question 26

these are continual sources of infection. 3 examples

Answer 26

reservoirs

1. human
2. animal
3. nonliving

Question 27

zoonosis

Answer 27

a disease that occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals but can be transmitted to humans. ex. rabies, Lyme disease

Question 28

direct contact

Answer 28

requires close association between infected and susceptible host

Question 29

indirect contact

Answer 29

spread by fomites

Question 30

droplet contact

Answer 30

transmission via airborne droplets

Question 31

vehicle transmission

Answer 31

transmission by and inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)

Question 32

vector transmission

Answer 32

arthropods (fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes)

Question 33

mechanical transmission

Answer 33

arthropod carries pathogen on feet

Question 34

biological transmission

Answer 34

pathogen reproduces in vector

Question 35

what are nosocomial infections

Answer 35

hospital-acquired infections

Question 36

what percent of patients acquire nosocomial infections

Answer 36

4%

Question 37

epidemiology

Answer 37

the study of where and when diseases occur

Question 38

deaths from notifiable diseases

Answer 38

mortality

Question 39

number of deaths from a disease/total population in a given time

Answer 39

mortality rate

Question 40

commensalism

Answer 40

one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected

Question 41

mutualism

Answer 41

both organisms benefit

Question 42

parasitism

Answer 42

one organism is benefited at the expense of the other

Question 43

symptom

Answer 43

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

Question 44

sign

Answer 44

a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Question 45

syndrome

Answer 45

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 46

acute disease

Answer 46

a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time

Question 47

chronic disease

Answer 47

a disease that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods

Question 48

latent disease

Answer 48

disease with a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive

Question 49

local infection

Answer 49

an infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Question 50

systemic infection

Answer 50

an infection throughout the body

Question 51

bacteremia

Answer 51

bacteria in the blood

Question 52

septicemia

Answer 52

growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 53

toxemia

Answer 53

toxins in the blood

Question 54

viremia

Answer 54

viruses in the blood

Question 55

primary infection

Answer 55

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 56

secondary infection

Answer 56

opportunistic infection after a primary(predisposing) infection

Question 57

subclinical disease

Answer 57

no noticeable signs or symptoms(inapparent infection)