Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Form a lipid bilayer of a cell-(glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol)
Source of energy- (triacylglycerol)
Signaling molecules- (arachidonic acid, released during stress or injury)
Hormones- (estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, retinoate)
Vitamins- (A, D, E, K fat soluble/hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the characteristics of the lipid bilayer

A

Fluid- no clearly defined geometry; head groups move up/down, hydrocarbon tails wave
Asymmetric- different lipids are found in each “leaflet”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are glycerophospholipids made of?

A

A phosphate head group, glycerol backbone,and 2 fatty acid chains derived from fatty acid. The R group on the phosphate group can vary.
R= Choline = Phosphatidylcholine
R= Ethanolamine = Phosphatidylethanolamine
R= Glycerol = Phospatidylglycerol
R= Serine = Phosphatidylserine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are sphingolipids made of?

A

No glycerol backbone, a group derived from palmitate and another group from serine, the 2 fatty acid chains are derived from other fatty acids, the R group ion serine can vary.
R= Phosphatidylcholine = Sphinogomyelin
R= Monosaccharide = Cerebroside
R= Oligosaccharide = Ganglioside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do fatty acids in water form?

A

Micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe what the melting point does to an acyl chain.

A

The melting point of an acyl chain decreases as the degree of unsaturation increases and the length of the acyl chain decreases.
Kinks in the chain lower the temperature.
Single bonds = unsaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are triacylglyerols a stored form of energy?

A

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase ( activated by glucagon) converts triacylglycerol to glycerol (gluconeogenesis) + a fatty acyl groups. The fatty acyl groups are ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Retinoate?

A

Lipid hormone

A metabolite of Vitamin A; required for growth and development; cell division and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference and function of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

T4 has 4 iodine groups and T3 has only 3 iodine groups. Both are used for regulation of metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the lipid hormone cortisol and where is it derived from?

A

It is a stress hormone derived from cholesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is testosterone derived from?

A

It is derived from cholesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What enzyme does arachidonate use to convert to signaling molecules?

A

Cyclooxygenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two eicosenoids formed from the molecule aracidonate and the enzyme cyclooxygenase?

A

Prostaglandin H2 and Thromboxane.
Thromboxane is for platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.
All act locally and not globally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries due to lipid accumulation in the blood vessel walls.
It is a slow progressive disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do lipoproteins transport?

A

Cholesterol and other fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the different type of lipoproteins, from biggest to smallest?

A 
Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL
LDL
HDL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

To transport fats from intestines to tissues and cholesterol to liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

High-density lipoproteins export cholesterol from the tissues to the liver.
“Good” cholesterol
HDL levels should be relatively high.
Degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of LDL?

A

Low-density lipoproteins carry cholesterol to the tissues.
“Bad” cholesterol
LDL levels should be relatively low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of VLDL?

A

Very-low-density lipoproteins transport triacylglycerols from the liver to other tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In cellular respiration, what happens to the fatty acids?

A

They are broken down into 2C and 3C intermediates that feed into the citric acid cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is another term for fatty acid degradation?

A

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary source of fatty acids?

A

Triacylglycerols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fatty acids are ________ before they are ________.

A

Activated

Degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the breakdown of fatty acid to acyl-CoA + AMP

A

Fatty acid + CoA + ATP -> Acyl-CoA + AMP + PPi
Activated fatty acids are acylated to CoA. The reaction is driven by ATP hydrolysis (2 ATP equivalents are used)
Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA synthetase
Acyl-CoA has a thioester bond (similarly to Acetyl-CoA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are the acyl groups transferred?

A

Via the carnitine transporter.

Fatty acids after degradation are transported from the cytosol to the matrix via the carnitine transporter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many reactions does each round of beta-oxidation have?

A

Each round has 4 reactions.

Acyl-CoA is degraded into acetyl-CoA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the first step of beta oxidation?

A

Starts with fatty acyl-CoA, hydrogens are removed and then enoyl-CoA is generated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the second step of beta-oxidation?

A

Enoyl-CoA is catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase to generate 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the third step of beta-oxidation?

A

3-hydroxyacyl-CoA is oxidized by 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase to ketoacyl-CoA. The hydrogens removed goes to the electron proton chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the final step of beta-oxidation?

A

Thiolysis; ketoacyl-CoA is catalyzed by thiolase and releases acetyl-CoA. The remaining acyl-CoA is 2 carbons shorter than the starting substrate. End product - fatty acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA (this acetyl-CoA will enter the Kreb’s cycle). The acyl-CoA will undergo another round of the 4 reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the beta-oxidation results in ATP production?

A

One round of beta-oxidation => 1 QH2 = 1.5 ATP
1 NADH = 2.5 ATP
1 Acetyl-CoA = 10 ATP
Citric acid cycle => 3 NADH = 7.5 ATP
1 QH2 = 1.5 ATP
1 GTP = 1 ATP
Total 14 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How much ATP does a 16 carbon fatty acid chain make?

A

14 x 7 cycles = 98 ATP
98 ATP + 10 ATP (8th cycle) = 108 ATP
108 ATP - 2 used = 106 NET ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids yield?

A

Propionyl-CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids

A

Propionyl CoA -> Methylmalonyl CoA -> methylmalonyl mutase (requires cobalamine) -> Succinyl CoA
Succinyl CoA can go 1 of 2 routes- either to the TCA Cycle (anaplerotic) or the most common route is to Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> TCA Cycle (substrate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where are most unsaturated fatty acids derived from?

A

From animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are most saturated fatty acids derived from?

A

From plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which of the two fatty acid’s is greater than the other?

A

Unsaturated fatty acid yield less energy than saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids use NADPH (2.5 ATP) and QH2 is by-passed (1.5 ATP). Unsaturated fatty acids form 4 less ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which two fatty acid oxidation’s occur in peroxisomes?

A

Very long chain fatty acids and branched fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of fatty acid synthesis?

A 
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
First, biotin is carboxylated. 
        biotin +HCO3- + ATP -> biotin-COO- + ADP + Pi
Second, the carboxyl group is transferred to acetyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA 
carboxylase.
biotin-COO- + Acetyl-CoA -> Malonyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA has 2 carbons
Malonyl-CoA has 3 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

It occurs in the liver, specifically in the cytosol of the liver cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

List the seven steps a fatty acid synthesis.

A
  1. Transfer of acetyl CoA to Cys
  2. Transfer of malonyl CoA to ACP (Acyl carrier protein)
  3. Condensation with decarboxylation
  4. Reduction of 3–keto group
  5. Dehydration
  6. Reduction of double bond
  7. Transfer from ACP to Cys
    Steps 2-7 repeated six times to generate palmitate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

________ and _______ catalyze elongation and desaturation reactions.

A

Elongases

Desaturases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does fatty acid synthesis differ from fatty acid breakdown?

A

FAB occurs in the mitochondrial matrix (liver, muscle, heart) while FAS occurs in the cytosol (liver).
FAB’s cofactor is CoA and FAS’s cofactor is Acyl carrier protein ( ACP)
FAB’s oxidant is Q and NAD+ and FAS’s reductant is NADPH.
FAB energy input is 2 ATP equivalents consumed for activating fatty acid (regardless of # of C) and FAS energy input is 1 ATP consumed for every 2 carbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fatty acid breakdown

A

Fatty acid -> Acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA -> MALONYL CoA -> Fatty Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Citrate transporter

A

Beta oxidation moves from the matrix to the cytosol via this transporter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Carnitine transporter

A

Fatty acid synthesis moves from the cytosol to the matrix via this transporter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How will insulin and glucagon affect the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Make lipids in times of eating and breakdown at times of fasting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What inhibits acyl carnitine?

A

Malonyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What can inhibit Acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

Fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What can activate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

Citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What forms ketone bodies and what are ketone bodies?

A

Acetyl-CoA can form ketone bodies.
Ketone bodies are the water-soluble molecules containing the ketone group that are produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake, carbohydrate restrictive diet, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism or in untreated type one diabetes mellitus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 2 ketones?

A

Acetoacetate and 3-Hydroxybutyrate

3-Hydroxybutyrate is not really a ketone but is interchangeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Ketone bodies are used as fuel by the what?

A

The brain and muscle

56
Q

True/False

The rate of production of ketone bodies is much greater than their utilization.

A

True

57
Q

What does triacylglycerol synthesis require?

A

A glycerol backbone and fatty acid activation.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADH + H+ —> NAD+) -> glycerol-3-phosphate

58
Q

Describe the triacylglycerol and phospholipid synthesis

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate -> acyltransferase (twice) -> Phosphatidate -> phosphatase (lose Pi) -> Diacylglycerol (2 fatty acids attached to glycerol backbone) * phosphocholine enters -> Phosphatidylcholine
OR
* acyltransferase -> Triacylglycerol

59
Q

How does cholesterol synthesis begin?

A

With Acetyl-CoA

60
Q

What is the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

Here cholesterol can be a feedback inhibition

61
Q

What are some statin drugs categorized under?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

62
Q

What is the most important intermediate in cholesterol synthesis?

A

Mevalonate (6 carbons)

Eventually, it will be an Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (isoprenoid)

63
Q

What is cholesterol derived from?

A

Squalene and squalene is derived from the isoprenoid precursor (an individual mevalonate).
Squalene -> Folded squalene -> Cholesterol (condensed; 4 rings)

64
Q

What type of inhibition are statin drugs?

A

Competitive inhibition

65
Q

What are the different ways cholesterol can be used?

A

It can make up a cell membrane, testosterone, cholate (colic acid; bile), and cholesteryl ester.

66
Q

What is Familial Hypercholestrolemia?

A

A deficiency of functional LDL receptors

67
Q

Cells can synthesize _________ as well as take it up from circulating ______.

A

Cholesterol
LDL (low-density lipoproteins)
It is done by the LDL receptor (uptake through endocytosis).

68
Q

What do high-density lipoproteins remove from the cells?

A

Excess cholesterol

It transports the excess to the liver

69
Q

What is the bacteria enzyme used in the Nitrogen Cycle?

A

Nitrogenase

70
Q

How is ammonia assimilated?

A

By glutamate synthase and glutamine syntheTase.

71
Q

Where does the reaction catalyzed by glutamate synthase occur?

A

In bacteria and plants

glutamate synthase converts a-Ketoglutarate + Glutamine to 2 Glutamate

72
Q

Where does the reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase occur?

A

In bacteria, plants and animals.
“Mops up” free ammonium that is toxic to our body.
glutamine synthetase uses ATP to convert Glutamate to Glutamine

73
Q

Glutamine and glutamate are _________ _________ molecules.

A

Nitrogen carrier

74
Q

What does transaminase do?

A

Aka aminotransferase, moves amino groups between compounds. It catalyzes the transfer of an amino group to an a-keto acid.
Transaminase takes glutamate (amino acid) plus pyruvate (a-keto acid) and converts it to a-Ketoglutarate (a-keto acid) plus Alanine (amino acid)

75
Q

What are the key pairs found in transaminase reactions?

A

Glutamate (amino acid) and a-Ketoglutarate (a-keto acid)

76
Q

Transamination is freely ________

A

Reversible

77
Q

What does transaminase require?

A

PLP (pyridoxal-5’-phosphate)

78
Q

Where is PLP derived from?

A

From vitamin B6

79
Q

What do we call a coenzyme that is covalently bound to an enzyme?

A

A prosthetic group

80
Q

What amino acid is Enzyme-PLP Schiff base attached to?

A

It is attached to Lysine.

81
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids to be consumed?

A

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

82
Q

Glutamate is a precursor for which 2 amino acids?

A

Proline and arginine

83
Q

What is the major site of nitrogen metabolism?

A

Liver

84
Q

What is serine a precursor for?

A

Cysteine and glycine

85
Q

What is tetrahydrofolate?

A

THF is a carrier of one-carbon unit in amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis.
THF can transfer a one-carbon unit like methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl and formimino groups.

86
Q

What does serine hydroxymethyl transferase do to serine?

A

It removes methylene and makes glycine.

87
Q

How does the conversion of methionine to homocysteine occur?

A

Via S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

SAM is a methyl group donor in many reactions.

88
Q

What is a precursor for tyrosine?

A

Phenylalanine

phenylalanine hydroxylase converts phenylalanine to tyrosine by adding an OH group to the phenol ring.

89
Q

What does the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase cause?

A

PKU (phenylketonuria)

90
Q

Tyrosine is a precursor to which signaling molecules?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, catechol

91
Q

Tryptophan is a precursor to which signaling molecule?

A

Serotonin

92
Q

Which 5 amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?

A

Isoleucine -> Acetyl CoA + Succinyl CoA
Phenylalanine,Tryptophan, Tyrosine -> Acetoacetate + Ala/fumerate
Threonine -> Acetyl CoA + Gly

93
Q

Name both ketogenic amino acids

A

Leucine, Lysine -> Acetyl CoA + Acetoacetate

94
Q

What are the glucogenic precursors for amino acid catabolism?

A

Pyruvate, Oxaloacetate, a-Ketoglutarte, Succinyl CoA and Fumerate

95
Q

What are the ketogenic precursors for amino acid catabolism?

A

Acetyl CoA and Acetoacetate

96
Q

________ and ________ are converted to pyruvate.

A

Serine, Cysteine

97
Q

Which are the glucogenic amino acids?

A 
Asn -> Asp -> Oxaloacetate 
Gln -> Glu -> a-Ketoglutarate
Arg, Pro, His -> Glu -> a-Ketoglutarate
Met, Val -> Succinyl CoA
Ser, Cys, Ala, Gly -> Pyruvate
98
Q

How is 80% of excess nitrogen excreted?

A

As urea (urea cycle)

99
Q

Where does urea synthesis occur?

A

In the liver; partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytosol

100
Q

Which 2 amino acids provide the nitrogen to the urea cycle?

A

Glutamate and aspartate

101
Q

What supplies the carbon in the urea cycle?

A

Bicarbonate

102
Q

What is the important regulatory step in the urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

103
Q

In the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction, what does it use as a cofactor?

A

NAD+ or NADP+

104
Q

Describe the Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase reaction

A

ATP activates the bicarbonate ion by transferring a phosphoryl group; ADP is released.
Ammonia attacks the carbonyl group on the carboxyphosphate, releasing an inorganic phosphate.
A second ATP phosphorylates carbamate to generate carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

105
Q

What activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase?

A

N-Acetylglutamate

N-Acetylglutamate must be generated first

106
Q

What does Purine nucleotide synthesis yield?

A

IMP , AMP, GMP (de novo purine synthesis)

107
Q

What does PRPP stand for?

A

5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

108
Q

What happens first in the purine nucleotide synthesis?

A

PRPP is synthesized; ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase converts ribose-5-phosphate to 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. Ribose-5-phosphate comes from the pentose phosphate pathway.

109
Q

What is a purine made of?

A

Adenine and Guanine

110
Q

How many steps is the purine ring constructed in?

A

10 steps

111
Q

What do the 10 steps consist of?

A
  • Nitrogens from Glutamine, Glycine and Aspartate
  • Carbons from formyl-THF (tetrahydrofolate)
  • Carbonyl from bicarbonate
112
Q

Describe the first step of the purine nucleotide synthesis.

A

After PRPP is synthesized, the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine, by the enzyme glutamine PRPP amidotransferase, is the committed step and is REGULATED.
The product is Inosine monophosphate (IMP)

113
Q

What is synthesized in the last step of purine nucleotide synthesis from IMP?

A

AMP and GMP

AMP and GMP can generate each other

114
Q

What is the difference between Ribose-5-phosphate AMP and Ribose-5-phosphate GMP?

A

R5p AMP has an amide group (NH2) on the top of the benzene ring and R5p GMP has an double bonded oxygen instead with an amide group on carbon 5.

115
Q

Once AMP and GMP are formed, they can be phosphorylated by ATP to __________ and ___________ forms.

A

Diphosphate

Triphosphate

116
Q

What activates Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase?

A

PRPP

117
Q

What inhibits Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase?

A

IMP, GMP, and AMP

118
Q

What does pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis yield?

A

UTP and CTP (de novo pyrimidine synthesis)

119
Q

What is the pyrimidine base constructed from?

A

Glutamine, Aspartate and bicarbonate

120
Q

What is the pyrimidine base attached to to form UMP?

A

PRPP

121
Q

What is CTP synthesized from?

A

UTP (uridine triphosphate)

122
Q

What is the difference between UTP and CTP?

A

UTP has a double bonded oxygen and CTP (cytidine triphosphate) has an NH2 group.

123
Q

In RNA, nucleotides must be in ______ form for nucleic acid synthesis.

A

Triphosphate

124
Q

In DNA, nucleotides must be in ______ form for nucleic acid synthesis.

A

Diphosphate

125
Q

What is carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that produce carbamoyl phosphate in the cytosol.
It catalyzes the first step (committed step) of condensing glutamine, nitrogen and bicarbonate.

126
Q

What activates CPS II (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase)?

A

ATP and PRPP

127
Q

What inhibits CPS II?

A

UMP, UDP and UTP

128
Q

What does ribonucleotide reductase convert ribonucleotides to?

A

Deoxyribonucleotides

129
Q

What is nucleoside diphosphate converted to?

A

Deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate

130
Q

True/False

In DNA, all nucleotides will be reduced at the 2’ position to get deoxyribose.

A

True

131
Q

How are thymidine nucleotides produced?

A

By methylation

132
Q

What is formed during the degradation of DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Bases

133
Q

What is the salvage pathway?

A

Purines and pyrimidine bases can be salvaged by phosphoribosyl transferases to form nucleoside monophosphates.

134
Q

Give the 4 examples of nucleotide catabolism.

A

Purine base + PRPP Purine nucleoside-5’-monophosphate + PPi
Adenine +PRPP AMP + PPi
Pyrimidine base + PRPP Pyrimidine nucleoside-5’-monophosphate + PPi
Uracil + PRPP UMP + PPi

135
Q

What happens to purine and pyrimidines that are not salvaged?

A

They undergo complete catabolism.

136
Q

Give an example of complete nucleotide catabolism

A

Adenine
——> Uric acid (waste product) Urate
Guanine

Sodium Urate is poorly soluble in plasma; it can precipitate to cause gout.

Biochemistry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions