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Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinating movements, maintaining posture, motor learning, and procedural memory

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2
Q

What is the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

A

Lies next to pial surface and has a few neurons; cell bodies of basket cells and stellate cells are there

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3
Q

What is the purkinje layer of the cerebellum?

A

Contains purkinje cell bodies

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4
Q

What is the granular layer of the cerebellum?

A

Deepest layer; contains granule cells and a few golgi cells

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5
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebellum?

A

Axons of neurons

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6
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

Output cells from cerebellar cortex; inhibit the cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclei; neurotransmitter is GABA; highly differentiated with many dendrites

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7
Q

What are granule cells?

A

Smallest neurons; only excitatory neurons; neurotransmitter is glutamate

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8
Q

What are stellate cells?

A

Their axons synapse only with purkinje cells and inhibit them; star-shaped dendrites

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9
Q

What are golgi cells?

A

Inhibitory neurons; neurotransmitter is GABA; large scattered neurons with short axons

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10
Q

What are basket cells?

A

Their axons synapse with purkinje cells and inhibit them; neurotransmitter is GABA

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11
Q

What are the types of afferent fibers in the cerebellum?

A

Climbing and mossy fibers

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12
Q

What are climbing fibers?

A

From inferior olive; myelinated with excitatory influence on purkinje cells; convey info regarding movement errors to the cerebellum

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13
Q

What are mossy fibers?

A

From spinal cord, reticular formation, vestibular system, and pontine nuclei; synapse with granulocytes; convey somatosensory, arousal, equilibrium, and cerebral cortex motor info to cerebellum

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14
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Archicerebellum/vestibulocerebellum, paleocerebellum/spinocerebellum, and neocerebellum/pontocerebellum

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15
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Functional name for flocculonodular lobe; receives info directly from vestibular receptors; sends output to the vestibular nuclei; also receives info from visual areas; functions to influence eye movements and postural muscles of head and body

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16
Q

What is the spinocerebellum?

A

Functional name for vermis and paraventral region; somatosensory info, internal feedback from spinal interneurons and sensorimotor cortex; functions to control ongoing movement via the brainstem descending tracts; axial and lower extremity movements as well as gait and station

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17
Q

What is the pontocerebellum?

A

Input from cerebral cortex (premotor, sensorimotor, and others) via pontine nuclei; functions in coordination of voluntary movements, planning of movements, and timing (mainly upper extremity)

18
Q

What are the afferent pathways entering the cerebellum?

A

Vestibular system (vestibular nuclei, cranial nerve VIII), anterior/posterior spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar tract, cortico-pontocerebellar, cortico-olivocerebellar, and cortico-reticulocerebellar tracts

19
Q

What axons are in the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

Axons carrying unconscious proprioception from lower limb

20
Q

What axons are in the cuneocerebellar tract?

A

Axons carrying unconscious proprioception from upper limb

21
Q

Describe the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Major efferent route from the globose, emboliform, and dentate nuceli; afferent fibers from ventral spinocerebellar tract run here too

22
Q

Describe the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Largest peduncle; afferent fibers from pontine nuclei relayed to cortex

23
Q

Describe the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Primarily afferent pathways from spinal cord

24
Q

What nuclei are considered deep nuclei?

A

Fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate

25
Q

Describe ataxia as it relates to the cerebellum

A

Common to all lesions of cerebellum; voluntary, normal strength, jerky, and inaccurate movements not associated with hyperstiffness

26
Q

Unilateral lesions in the cerebellum affect the _________ side

A

Ipsilateral

27
Q

What do lesions of the vestibulocerebellum (connections between vestibular system and flocculonodular lobe) cause?

A

Nystagmus, truncal ataxia (difficulty maintaining sitting and standing balance), and truncal instability (titubation, can’t tandem walk)

28
Q

What do lesions in the spinocerebellum cause?

A

This is where connections between the cutaneous and proprioceptive information coming from the spinal cord to the vermis and paravermis regions; causes gait and truncal ataxia (wide base, staggering base)

29
Q

What are midline ataxias? Give examples

A

Ataxic syndromes caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar disease; truncal instability and equilibratory (gait) ataxias

30
Q

What is truncal instability (titubation)?

A

Tremor of the trunk in an anterior-posterior plane at 3-4 Hz

31
Q

What is equilibratory (gait) ataxia?

A

Wide based, irregular steps with lateral veering

32
Q

What do lesions of the cerebrocerebellum cause?

A

Dysarthria (slurred, poorly articulated speech), ataxic gait, decomposition of movements

33
Q

How do limb ataxias manifest?

A

Dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and action tremors

34
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to rapidly alternate movements

35
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inability to accurately move an intended distance

36
Q

What is an action tremor?

A

Shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

37
Q

What do you find in someone with appendicular ataxia?

A

Hypotonia, decompositon of movement, dysmetria (inability to accurately move an intended distance), and dysdiadochokinesia

38
Q

Compare and contrast cerebellar ataxia and sensory ataxia

A

Cerebellar: romberg test positive, unable to stand with feet together with or without eyes open, normal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes

Sensory: can stand with feet together with eyes open, but not closed (positive romberg test) but abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception, and ankle reflexes

39
Q

What exams/observations should you make when examining the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum?

A

Station, walking, tandem gait

40
Q

What exams/observations should you make when examining the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Rapid alternating movements, finger-to-nose, toe-to-finger, heel-to-shin, rebound and check reflex, and speech

Neuro Exam 2 - JLJ (16 decks)

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