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BVetMed4 - Urinary > Large Animal Urinary Tract Disease > Flashcards

Large Animal Urinary Tract Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What urinary diseases do farm animals get?

A 
Urolithiasis 
Amyloidosis 
Enzootic haematuria 
Ulcerative posthitis/vulvitis 
Pyelonephritis 
Umbilical disease
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2
Q

What large animals most commonly get uroliths?

A

Small Ruminants

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3
Q

What predisposes these animals to getting uroliths ?

A 
Castrated 
Male 
Obese
Diet imbalance 
Alkaline urine 
Hard water (high calcium)
Dehydration 
UTI
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4
Q

What dietary factors predispose to uroliths?

A

High concentrate/low roughage
Imbalanced phosphate / calcium
High Magnesium

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5
Q

What types of uroliths do large animals get?

A

Calcium carbonate and apatite
Phosphate - calcium phosphate, STRUVITE
Silicate
Oxalate

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6
Q

Where do small ruminants get obstructions from uroliths?

A

Urethral process or distal sigmoid flexure

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7
Q

Where do cows get urolith obstructions

A

Sigmoid flexure

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8
Q

What are the early clinical signs associated with urolithiasis?

A 
Haematuria
Dysuria 
Crystals on prepuce 
Tail flagging and colic signs 
Tenesmus
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9
Q

What are the late clinical signs associated with urolithiasis?

A 
Anorexia 
Depression
Prenuptial swelling 
Abdominal distension 
Recumbent, seizures, death
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10
Q

How can you diagnose uroliths?

A

History and CS
Azotaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, acidosis
US and rads

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11
Q

What are the complications associated with urolithiasis

A

Bladder/urethral Rupture

Hydronephrosis

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12
Q

How should you manage urolithiasis

A

Medical (not great)

  • antispasmodic
  • urinary acidification

Surgical management

  • urethral process amputation
  • tube cystotomy
  • perineal urethrostomy
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13
Q

What species commonly gets amyloidosis?

What is associated with?

What does it cause?

A

COWS

Chronic sepsis e.g. metritis, mastitis, pneumonia, pericarditis

PLN

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14
Q

What clinical signs are associated with amyloidosis?

A

Oedema
Weight loss
Chronic diarrhoea

Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminaemia
Azotaemia

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15
Q

What causes enzootic haematuria?

What are the clinical signs?

A

CHRONIC BRACKEN GRAZING

Haemorrhagic cystitis, haematuria

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16
Q

What is the colloquial name for ulcerative posthitis?

A

Pizzle rot

17
Q

What causes pizzle rot?

A

Corynebacterium renale

  • High protein diets increase urea,
  • bacteria break down to ammonia
  • scald skin and bacteria infect
18
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pizzle rot?

A

Pain
Loss of condition
Decreased fertility/libido

19
Q

How do you manage pizzle rot?

A

Clean and debride
Penicillin
NSAIDs
Reduce dietary protein

20
Q

What urinary diseases do horses get?

A

Pyelonephritis
Umbilical disease
Renal failure
Bladder rupture (foals)

21
Q

What is the most common renal disease in cows?

A

Pyelonephritis

22
Q

What are the acute signs of pyelonephritis

A 
Pyrexia, anorexia, depression
Colic signs 
Decreased milk yield 
Stranguria, haematuria, pyuria 
Polyuria
23
Q

What are the chronic PN clinical signs ?

A 
Weight loss
Colic
Decreased yield
Diarrhoea 
Polyuria 
Anaemia
24
Q

What bacteria are associated with PN in LAs?

A

Mainly G-ve
- coliforms, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter

Some G+

Trueperella pyogenes, C renale

25
Q

How can you diagnose pyelonephritis in LAs?

A 
CS+ rectal palpation - feel left kidney 
Pyuria, haematuria, proteinuria 
Azotaemia 
US and endoscopy (horse)
Urine culture?
26
Q

How do you treat PN?

A

Long term broad spectrum ABs

Tetracyclines
Cephalosporins

27
Q

What clinical signs are associated with umbilical infection?

A

If septic - fever malaise lethargy petechial haemorrhage

Heat, pain, swelling and discharge from umbilicus

28
Q

How do you diagnose umbilical infection?

A

US
- enlargement of vessels
Anechoic or hyperechoic material seen

29
Q

How do you treat umbilical infection?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy - Cephalosporins, Penicillins

Surgical resection (not if septic)

30
Q

What is the difference between a patent and persistent urachus?

A

Patent - has been closed then opens

Persistent
- open since birth

31
Q

What is the more common cause of renal insult in horses?

A

Renal failure secondary to hypovolaemia (Pre-renal)

32
Q

What toxic insults can cause acute renal failure in horses?

A

Aminoglycosides ONLY give SID
NSAIDs
Acorn

33
Q

What clinical signs are associated with renal failure in horses?

A 
Depression, anorexia weight loss
PUPD
Oedema and diarrhoea 
Pyrexia and Colic signs 
Encephalopathy 
Oral mucosal ulceration 
Excessive tooth tartar
34
Q

What specific LA perameter is raised in urinalysis in renal failure?

A

GGT

GGT:Createnine ratio

35
Q

How can you treat acute renal failure?

A

IVFT

Diuretics - IV (only) furosemide

36
Q

When should you be suspicious of bladder rupture in a foal?

A

Soon after parturition

Tenesmus BUT caudal position of hind limbs to differentiate from straining to defaecate

Progressive depression and abdominal distension

Ventral and prenuptial oedema

37
Q

How can you diagnose bladder rupture?

A

Abdominocentesis

Ultrasonography

38
Q

How do you manage a foal with bladder rupture?

A 
IVFT
Peritoneal drainage + lavage 
Dextrose and insulin - promote intracellular movement of potassium
Intranasal oxygen 
SURGERY on STABILISED foal
39
Q

What acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities occur in bladder rupture?

A

Hyperkalaemia -failure to excrete

Hyponatraemia - loss of regulation, continued water intake

Metabolic acidosis - loss of renal regulation

Respiratory acidosis - compression of diaphragm

BVetMed4 - Urinary (15 decks)

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