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Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movements
Maintains posture
Motor learning and procedural memory

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2
Q

What kind of input does the cerebellum receive?

A

Sensory input but does not discriminate nor interpret what the sensory input it

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3
Q

Will a lesion to the cerebellum lead to muscle paralysis ?

A

Not usually

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the cerebellum?

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granular layer
White matter layers

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5
Q

Where is the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

What cells are w/in it?

A

Gray matter next to pial surface

Very few neurons, cell bodies of basket cells and stellate cells

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6
Q

What is contained in the purkinje layer?

A

Gray matter of the cerebellum w/ purkinje cell bodies

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7
Q

What layer is the granular layer of the cerebellum?

What odes it contian?

A

Deepest layer

Granule and golgi cells

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8
Q

All the neurons in the gray matter of the cerebellum are inhibitory, except for which?

A

Granule cells

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9
Q

What do purkinje cells do?

Efferents or afferents?

NTR released?

A

Efferents
Inhibit cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei

GABA

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10
Q

What do Granule cells do?

Efferents or afferents?

NTR released?

A

Efferents

Smallest but only excitatory neuron

Glutamate

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11
Q

What do Stellate cells do?

Efferents or afferents?

Characterization?

A

Efferent;

Synapse w/ purkinje and inhibit them

Star shaped dendrites

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12
Q

What are golgi cells?

NTR?

Characteristics?

A

Inhibitory neurons that release GABA

Large cell body w/ short axons

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13
Q

What do axons of basket cells synapse with?

A

With purkinje cells

Inhibit them

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14
Q

What two cells synapse with purkinje cells to inhibit them?

A

Stellate cells

Basket cells

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15
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the cerebellum?

A

Mossy and climbing fibers

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16
Q

What do climbing fibers synapse w/ ?

A

Purkinje cell

Deep cerebellar nuclei

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17
Q

Where do climbing fibers originate from?

A

Inferior olive

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18
Q

What do climbing fibers convey info about?

A

Movement ERRORS to cerebellum

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19
Q

What do mossy fibers synapse w/?

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Granule Cells

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20
Q

Where are mossy fibers from?

A

(Everywhere but inferior olive)

Sc, RF, vestibular system, and pontine nuclei

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21
Q

What type of info do mossy fibers convey to cerebellum

A

Somatosensory
Arousal
Equilibrium
Cerebral cortex motor into

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22
Q

What are the 3 functional division of cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
Spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
Cerebrocerebellum (pontocerebellum)

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23
Q

What makes up the vestibulo-cerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe (flocculus and Nodulus)

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24
Q

What is the input to the vestibulocerebellum?

Output to?

A

Info from vestibular receptors, from visual areas

Output to vestibular nuclei

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25
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Balance
equilibrium
eye movements
neck and trunk movements (postural ms. Of head and body)

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26
Q

What makes up the spinocerebellum?

A

Vermis and paravermal regions

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27
Q

What info comes into the spinocerebellum?

A

Somatosensory info

Visual auditory, vestibular info

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28
Q

In spinocerebellum,

Where does somatosensory info go?

Where does visual, auditory and vestibular info go?

A

Somatosensory —> Medial UMNs —> medial tracts

Vis., Aud., Vestibulo., —> lateral UMNs —> lateral tracts

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29
Q

Where are all medial tracts?

What are they?

A

All in anterior funiculus

Medial reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, corticospinal, and lateral vestibulospinal

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30
Q

What are the lateral tracts?

A

Rubrospinal

Lateral reticulospinal, corticospinal

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31
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A

Important for gait and station

Axial and lower extr. Movement

32
Q

What comprises the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Lateral hemispheres of cerebellum

33
Q

What in the input to the cerebrocerebellum ? Via what?

A

Input from cerebral cortex

Via pontine nuclei

34
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Coordination
Planning
Timing

(Mainly for UE)

35
Q

How do afferents enter the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Via MCP

36
Q

How do afferents enter the spinocerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

37
Q

How do afferents enter the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

38
Q

What type of afferent fibers are those going into the spinocerebellum?

From what tract?

A

All mossy fibers

ASCT
PSCT
Cuneocerebellar

39
Q

What type of afferent fibers are those going into the vestibulocerebellum?

From what tracts?

A

Mossy fibers

Vestibular nucleus and CN 8

40
Q

What type of afferent fibers are those going into the cerebrocerebellum?

Form what tracts?

A

Mossy fibers from..

  • cortico-pontocerebellar
  • Cortico-reticulocerebellar

Climbing fibers from …
cortico-olivocerebellar fibers

41
Q

What region of the body does the ASCT and PSCT carry info from?

A

Leg

42
Q

What region of the body does the Cuneocerebellar tract carry info from?

A

Arm

43
Q

What is the pathway of the PSCT?

A

1st order axons via DRG and ascends in Gracile Fasciculus

Synapses in Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke

2nd order axons ascend in PSCT

Enter inferior cerebellar peduncle to go to Spinocerebellum (spinocerebellum will send out via medial or lateral tracts)

44
Q

What is the pathway of the cuneocerebellar tract?

A

1st order axons via DRG enters SC and ascends in Cuneate Fasciculus

Synapses in Accessory Cuneate Nucleus in lower medulla

2nd order axons ascends in CunC T.

Enter via ICP to spinocerebellum

45
Q

What is the pathway of the ASCT?

A

1st order from intermediate gray matter crosses via AWC to ASCT

Ascends to SCP

Crosses again to Cerebellum

46
Q

How do most efferent fibers leave the cerebellum?

A

Via the SCP from globose, emobliform and dentate nuclei

47
Q

What goes thru MCP?

A

Afferents from pontine Nuclei relayed by cortex

48
Q

What makes up the ICP?

A

Juxtarestiform body

Restiform body

49
Q

What ar the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

Dentate
Fastigial
Emboliform
Globose

50
Q

What are the “interposed nuclei”

A

Globose and Emboliform nuclei

51
Q

How is info transmitted from the functional divisions of the cerebellum to the deep nuclei?

A

Via purkinje fibers

52
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum bypasses? How? And to where?

A

Bypasses deep nuclei of cerebellum

Via purkinje fibers

To vestibular nucleus

53
Q

What deep nuclei does the cerebrocerebellum send efferent purkinje cells to?

A

Dentate

Interposed

54
Q

What deep nuclei does the spinocerebellum send efferent purkinje cells to?

A

All of them

55
Q

What deep nuclei does the vestibulocerebellum send efferent purkinje cells to?

Where else?

A

Fastigial nucleus

Also to vestibular nucleus but without going thru deep nuclei

56
Q

Where does the dentate nucleus send efferents to?

A

Red nucleus —> RuT.

VLN of thalamus —> OPPOSITE MOTOR CORTEX —> CST

57
Q

Where does the interposed nuclei send efferent to?

A

Red nucleus —> RuT

Red nucleus —> inf. Olivary nucleus —> olivocerebellar fibers to correct motor errors

VLN of thalamus —> Motor cortices —> CST

58
Q

Where does the fastigial nucleus send info to?

A

Reticular formation —> reticulospinal tract (for posture)

Vestibular nucleus —> Vestibulospinal tract (extensor)

59
Q

What will a unilateral lesion to the cerebellum cause?

Why?

A

Cause ipsilateral ataxia

Bc crosses to opposite motor cortex —> CST which will CROSS AGAIN

(Now on same side again)

60
Q

What will a lesion to the vestibulocerebellum cause?

A

Nystagmus
Truncal ataxia
Titubation (truncal instability)
Cannot tandem walk

61
Q

What will a lesion of the spinocerebellum cause?

A

Problems with gait

Truncal ataxia - wide base, staggering base

62
Q

What will a lesion to the cerebrocerebellum cause?

A 
Dysarthria
Scanning speech
Ataxic gait W/ tendency to fall TOWARD lesion
Decomposition of movements
Appendicular ataxia
63
Q

What are the manifestations of appendicular ataxia?

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

Dysarthria - scanning speech

Dysmetria

Action tremors

Hypotonia

Decomposition of movement

64
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Inability to rapidly alternate movements

65
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Inability to accurately move an intended distance

66
Q

What is an action tremor?

A

Shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

67
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum a connection between?

A

B/w vestibular system and flocculonodular lobe

68
Q

What is the spinocerebellum a connection b/w?

A

B/w curators and proprioceptive info coming from SC to vermis and paravermis regions

69
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum connect?

A

Connection bw/ cerebral cortices and cerebellum

70
Q

What is common to all lesions of the cerebellum

A

Ataxia

71
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Voluntary, normal strength, jerky and inaccurate movements

Wide based, guarding, tend to fall to side of lesion

“Druken sailor gait”

72
Q

What is midline ataxia?

What causes this?

A

Ataxia syndromes caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar diseases

Truncal instability w/ Titubation and gait ataxia

73
Q

Where is the Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke?

A

Gray matter from C8-L2

74
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia vs. sensory ataxia?

A

Both will have a positive Romberg test

But

Cerebellar will have normal vibratory sense, etc.

Sensory will have abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes due to damage at Posterior Columns

75
Q

What should you do to test the function of the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum?

A

Station
Walking
Tandem gait

76
Q

How should you test the cerebrocerebellum functions?

A 
Rapid alternating movements
Finger to nose
Toe to finger
Heel to shin
Rebound and check reflex
Speech
Ataxia

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