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NE Exam 2 > Voluntary Motion - Cerebral & Cerebellar > Flashcards

Voluntary Motion - Cerebral & Cerebellar Flashcards

1
Q

There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion, which are…

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Supplementary Motor Cortex
Pre-motor Cortex

***Parts of pre-frontal cortex and parietal cortex contribute as well, but not as vital in this lecture.

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2
Q

This cortex receives the sensory information required to move. Dorsally, it applies the ‘rules’ that determine whether it is appropriate to move. It identifies the intent of the motion and decides what motion to produce.

A

Pre-motor Cortex

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the Supplementary Motor Cortex?

A

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

Pre-Supplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA)

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4
Q

This division of the Supplementary Motor Cortex is important in postural control.

A

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

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5
Q

This division of the Supplementary Motor Cortex plans the motor program required to make the action occur.

A

Pre-Supplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA)

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6
Q

This cortex organizes motor sequences and acquires motor skills. It has executive control (particularly the decision to switch actions/strategies).

A

Supplementary Motor Cortex

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7
Q

The ________ cortex has identified the purpose of your intended motion. The ________ has identified the sequence of how this is to occur.

A

Premotor

Pre-SMA

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8
Q

This cortex is within the Precentral Gyrus.

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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9
Q

This cortex controls specific movements, especially those related to moving the arms/hands to the face (mouth) or body.

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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10
Q

This cortex controls regions of the body that do fine motions (hands), and it is arranged in columns.

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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11
Q

In the Primary Motor Cortex, each column has ______ layers that are identified functionally.

A

6

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12
Q

This layer within the Primary Motor Cortex column receives sensory input (muscle and joint proprioceptors, among others).

A

Layer 4

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13
Q

This layer within the Primary Motor Cortex column becomes the output for the corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway. It contains Betz cells (very large pyramidal cells).

A

Layer 5

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14
Q

There appears to be two sets of neurons in each Primary Motor Cortex column. What do each set do?

A

One set starts the motion

One set maintains the motion as long as necessary

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15
Q

The stimulation of any given column (primary motor cortex) produces a specific movement. If we are in an area that controls a fine motion, stimulation may produce contraction of…

A

A single muscle (i.e., your fingers)

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16
Q

The stimulation of any given column (primary motor cortex) produces a specific movement. If we are in an area that controls a more general motion, stimulation may produce contraction of…

A

A group of muscles (i.e., in your back)

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17
Q

Neighboring columns (primary motor cortex) control _______ _______, not neighboring muscles.

A

Related motions

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18
Q

There seems to be two kinds of columns (primary motor cortex), which do what?

A

1) On/Off for agonist muscle (activates it)

2) Off/On for antagonist muscle (inhibits it)

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19
Q

Each of the individual motions required to bring a piece of candy to your mouth were coded for by a ________ in the _______ _______ _______.

A

Column

Primary Motor Cortex

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20
Q

The dorsal visual pathway contains axons from the ________ cortex that travel to the _________ cortex. This input enables us to complete motor acts based on visual input. This information allows you to reach for and grasp objects.

A

Occipital

Parietal/Frontal

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21
Q

In order to know where an object is in relation to you, the visual cortex information is relayed to the parietal cortex, specifically ______, the _______, the _______, and the ______.

A

V6A
PEc (caudal area PE of the posterior parietal cortex)
MIP (medial intraparietal area)
VIP (ventral intraparietal area)

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22
Q

The _______ creates a rough map of the space around you, including the bowl of candy.

A

VIP

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23
Q

From the VIP, the information is sent to ______ within the premotor cortex. This creates a detailed map of the space around you. Neurons here are particularly excited by proximity (i.e., the closer the object is, the more they fire).

A

F4

24
Q

For reaching, there is a second pathway that relies on the superior parietal cortex (same as other pathway, includes V6A, PEc, MIP, and VIP). This receives visual information about where your arm is in space (since that’s what is moving). This input is sent to ______ in the premotor cortex. This constructs a related map, but it is of the location of your arm in relationship to your body and the things around you.

A

F2

***Remember, F4 makes a detailed map of the space around you!

25
Q

Compared to reaching, the visual cues related to ________ are quite different, and very dependent on exactly what you intend to do.

A

Grasping

26
Q

These two areas that are part of the inferior parietal cortex contain neurons that respond to:

    • Seeing an object to grasp (visually dominant)
    • Grasping an object (motor dominant)
    • Both seeing and grasping an object (visuomotor neurons)
A

Anterior Intraparietal Area (AIP)

PFG

27
Q

The AIP and PFG relay their information to ______. Neurons here will fire with the GOAL of the action, not the motor act itself.

A

F5

28
Q

When would the same F5 neurons be active in the following 3 examples?

    • Drinking from a mug
    • Holding a mug
    • Taking a sip from a mug
A

The same F5 neurons would be the same when drinking from a mug and taking a sip from a mug because the GOAL is the same for both.

29
Q

What is the visual pathway required for reaching and grasping?

A

Dorsal visual pathway

30
Q

What areas of the parietal cortex are required for reaching and grasping?

A

Reaching – V6a, PEc, MIP, VIP

Grasping – AIP, PFG

31
Q

In the process of reaching and grasping, are maps created?

A

Reaching – Yes

Grasping – No

32
Q

In the process of reaching and grasping, what creates a map of space (with object)?

A

Reaching – VIP (rough); F4 (detailed)

Grasping – N/A

33
Q

In the process of reaching and grasping, what creates a map of your body?

A

Reaching – F2 (map of arm in space)

Grasping – N/A

34
Q

In the process of reaching and grasping, what possess an awareness of a goal?

A

Reaching – No

Grasping – Yes, via F5

35
Q

Do reaching or grasping encode the motor act itself?

A

No

36
Q

Even with the cerebral cortex planning the motion, without some additional parts of the brain, you will not be able to grab a piece of candy. What other part is essential?

A

Cerebellum

37
Q

The role of this is to sequence complex actions, use the correct force/direction, maintain balance and eye movements, and learn complex actions.

A

Cerebellum

38
Q

The cerebellum is divided by function rather than structure. What are the divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum (vermis and lateral)
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

39
Q

What is the central portion of the spinocerebellum responsible for?

A

Postural control

40
Q

What are the lateral sides of the spinocerebellum responsible for?

A

Force and direction

41
Q

This is the lateral most regions of the cerebellum and it plans complex motions and sequences them.

A

Cerebrocerebellum

42
Q

This part of the cerebellum is important for balance and eye movements, particularly in the future. It’s within the Flocculonodular Lobe.

A

Vestibulocerebellum

43
Q

Outputs from the cerebellum are via the deep cerebellar nuclei, which are…

A 
Dentate Nucleus (lateral)
Fastigial Nucleus (medial) 
Interpositus (between the other two nuclei)
44
Q

The Interpositus (deep cerebellar nuclei) has two parts, which are…

A

Globose

Emboliformis

45
Q

What are the inputs involved with the central region of the spinocerebellum?

A

Vestibular
Visual and auditory
Efferent copy (of what expected motion is)

46
Q

What are the outputs involved with the central region of the spinocerebellum?

A

Inerpositus Nucleus
Fastigial Nucleus
To rubrospinal tract

47
Q

What is the purpose of the inputs and outputs for the central region of the spinocerebellum?

A

To make postural adjustments to ongoing motions

48
Q

What are the inputs involved with the lateral regions of the spinocerebellum?

A 
Muscle afferent (what is actually happening right now)
Efferent copy (of what expected motion is)
49
Q

What are the outputs involved with the lateral regions of the spinocerebellum?

A

Interpositus Nucleus

To rubrospinal tract

50
Q

What is the purpose of the inputs and outputs for the lateral regions of the spinocerebellum?

A

To correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions.

***Ballistic motions are so fast that they’re done before the brain event notices (i.e., swat fly, play piano, typing, etc.)

51
Q

What are the inputs involved with the cerebrocerebellum?

A

All regions of the cerebral cortex

52
Q

What are the outputs involved with the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Dentate Nucleus

Back to cortex (to make motion actually happen)

53
Q

What is the purpose of the inputs and outputs for the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Sequencing of rapid movements and planning of complex motions

54
Q

What are the inputs involved with the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)

55
Q

What are the outputs involved with the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Fastigial Nucleus to Vestibular Nuclei (ascend or descend)

56
Q

What is the purpose of the inputs and outputs for the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Control of eye movement and balance, particularly in the future.

NE Exam 2 (24 decks)

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