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block 2 M3 > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

MC benign condition in women

A

fibrocystic changes

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2
Q

MC non-skin malignancy in women

A

carcinoma of the breast

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3
Q

MC malignancy in the female genital tract

A

endometrial carcinoma

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4
Q

hyaline globules microscopically, mean?

A

AFP in yolk sac tumor

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5
Q

which of the following describes the preinvasive stage of germ cell tumor?

A

intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)

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6
Q

MC malignant tumor of testes?

A

seminoma

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7
Q

2nd MC germ cell tumor in female?

A

yolk sac tumor

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8
Q

1st MC germ cell tumor in female?

A

teratoma

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9
Q

difference btw classic seminoma and dysgerminaoma?

A

grossly classic seminoma is homogenous + yellow gelatinous

grossly dysgerminoma is heterogeneous (hemorrhage and necrosis) + yellow-white to pink-grey

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10
Q

embryonic tumor microscopic

A

all feature of anaplastic cells + stroma not distinct and contain a variable amount of primitive mesenchyme

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11
Q

differences btw teratoma in male and femal

A

in male: no monodermal and it’s classification benign or malignant depends on age not maturity as in female

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12
Q

a patient comes to the clinic with painless testicular enlargement, which method best to deal with this patient?

A

we don’t do a biopsy because it can cause tumor spillage standard management if radical orchiectomy

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13
Q

difference btw steroli-lyding cell tumor in females and steroli OR lyding cells tumor in male?

A

in the male it can produce androgen and estrogen

in the female it produces androgen only

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14
Q

MC testicular tumor in patients older than 60?

A

malignant lymphoma

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15
Q

why the diagnosis of BPH usually can not be made by biopsy?

A

1- the needle is too small to appreciate the nodularity

2- don’t usually sample the TZ where BPH usually accrue

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16
Q

which of the following type of epithelial metaplasia present in the infarcted area in prominent BPH?

A

urothelial squamous metaplasia

17
Q

which of the following type of epithelial metaplasia present in the infarcted area in prominent BPH?

A

urothelial squamous metaplasia

18
Q

what are the main genes involved in the development of prostate adenocarcinoma?

A
  • BRCA 2 germline mutation (hereditary)

- HOXB13 germline mutation (family history)

19
Q

very large expansion of CAG codon will cause

A

Kennedy disease, but in specific length will give prostatic carcinoma

20
Q

why most tumors eventually become resistant to androgen blockade?

A

1- ↑ no. of AR (amplification)
2- ligand-independent AR (activation)
3- non-androgen ligand (mutation)
4- alternative pathway (activation)

21
Q

why PIN is a procedure of prostatic carcinoma?

A

1- they are on the same site
2- extent and frequency of PIN are more in prostatic cancer
3- share many molecular changes as ETS gene

22
Q

staging in prostatic carcinoma

A

T1 => inapparent
T2 => confined to organ, visual , palpated
T3a => extra-capsular extension without seminal vesicle
T3b=> seminal vesicle invasion
T4 => invasion to organs
LN=> N0/N1

23
Q

staging in prostatic carcinoma

A

T1 => inapparent
T2 => condiend to oragn, visual , palpated
T3a => extracapsular extension withous seminal vescical
T3b=> seminal viscial invasion
T4 => invasion to oragns
LN=> N0/N1

24
Q

why we can not depend on the PSA level in the diagnosis of Prostatic carcinoma and what are the factors elevate it?

A

because it is organ-specific, not cancer-specific
factors as
prostatic carcinoma and BPH
prostatitis, infarction of nodular hyperplasia, and instrumentation of prostate
ejaculation

25
Q

what if the abnormal level of PSA?

A

2.5 ng/ml

26
Q

are there any association btw women with endometriosis and ovarian cancer? and why?

A

yes in some cases
because women with endometriosis have X3 risk developing ovarian (endometriotic or clear cell type) cancer
and they share the same genetic, mutation PTEN and ARIDA1A

27
Q

why ovarian endometrial carcinoma type II has a poor prognosis?

A

1- exfoliation to tubes or peritoneal like ovarian space

2- spear out of the uterus at the time of diagnosis

28
Q

gene expression of medullary carcinoma?

A

basal-like, 2/3 is hypermethylation of BRCA1

29
Q

gene expression of mucinous carcinoma is?

A

ER+

30
Q

gene expression of tubular carcinoma is?

A

ER+ diploid

31
Q

all special types breast carcinoma are ….. differentiated.

A

well

32
Q

which of the following types of breast cancer there is an overexpression of E-cadherin?

A

tubular

33
Q

in which type of cancer we depend on the metastasis in prognosis and if it is not present we use lymphatic spread as a useful prognostic factor?

A

breast cancer

34
Q

MC benign tumor of the female breast?

A

fibroadenoma

block 2 M3 (4 decks)

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