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anataomy p2 > L17/18 > Flashcards

L17/18 Flashcards

1
Q

Define:
Neurons
Neuroglia

A

Neurons: Functional unit of nervous sytem
Neuroglia: Support neurons
Out number neurons

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the neuron and what each part does

A

Soma/cell body:
Contains nucleus
Synthesis protein/ion channels (lots of ER)
Cellular metabolism (lots mitochondria)

Dendrites:
Receive inputs
Convey info to soma
Large SA for synapse info

Axon hillock:
Origin of axon
Excitable

Axon/nerve fibre:
Transmits AP
Usually 1, can branch

Axon terminals:
Synapse on other neurons, effectors organs or forms specialised sensory endings.

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3
Q

What are neurons classified by?

A

Number of axons/dendrites.

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4
Q

What is the difference between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons?

A

Unipolar -
1 axon only
primary sensory neurons
cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

Bipolar -
1 axon and 1 dendrite
specialised sensory neurons
found in retina

Multipolar - one axon and multiple dendrites
majority of neurons in brain + motor neurons

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5
Q

What is the speed of myelinated axons vs non-myelinated?

A

Myelinated has saltatory conduction up to 120m/s AP node to node.

Non-myelinated is very slow < 1.5m/s.
E.g. pain fibre.

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6
Q

How does Ca release its NT?

A

Depolarisation of presynaptic membrane opens Ca+ channels

Vesicles fuse to membrane and release NT acetylcholine.

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7
Q

What is the structure of a neuroglia? what do the structures do?

A 
Astrocyte:
Structural support
Nutrient supply
Maintain ionic gradient
NT uptake
Repair nervous system
Form barrier around vessels.

Oligodendrocytes:
Produce + maintain myelin sheath.
1 myelinates multiple axons

Microglia:
Immune cells
Phagocytic
Cytotoxic
Promote repair 
Just like a macrophage, release inflammatory markers within the CNS to promote repair.
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8
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells - myelinate axons via spiral wrapping
Important for regen
1 schwann cell myelinates 1 axon

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9
Q

What is the diff between CNS and PNS?

A

CNS - Brain + spinal cord

PNS - Communication between CNS and periphery.
Periphery is:
Viscera
Muscles
Joints
Vessels
Skin
Glands
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10
Q

What is the brain divided into and how do these sections sit?

A

Fore brain sts on top of the:
Midbrain which sits on top of the:
Hindbrain

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11
Q

What is grey and white matter formed from?

A

Grey matter - Neuronal cell bodies/synapses

White matter - Myelinated axons

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12
Q

What is the forebrain comprised of?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the process of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Process motor/sensory info

80% of cortex function is cognition

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14
Q

What are the 4 lobes the cerebral hemisphere is divided into?

A

Frontal lobe - Primary MOTOR cortex

Temporal lobe - Primary AUDITORY & OLFACTORY (smell) cortex.

Parietal lobe - Primary SOMATOSENSORY cortex (pain, touch and proprioception)

Occipital lobe - Primary VISUAL cortex

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15
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for in the forebrain?

A

Centrally located for sensory info to pass before reaching the cortex.

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamus important for?

A

Homeostasis sits just below the thalamus (HYPO BELOW).
Controls:
ANS (homeostasis)
Endocrine system (via pituitary signalling release of hormones)

17
Q

What is the brainstem formed by?

What is its functions?

A

Midbrain and hindbrain

Functions:
Connect cortex to spinal cord
Control resp + cardio systems.

18
Q

What does the cerebellum do? where is it situated?

A

Situated by in the hindbrain.

It coordinates muscular activity.

19
Q

Where does the spinal cord sit within?

A

The vertebral canal

20
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Conveys info from PNS to brain (sensory)

Convey info from brain to PNS (motor)

Involved in reflexes

21
Q

What are the 4 segements of the spine?

A

Cervical - Upper limb/head/neck

Thoracic - Thorax/abdomen

Lumbar - Pelvis/lower limbs

Sacral lower limbs

22
Q

What info do the dorsal and ventral root process

A

Dorsal - Takes sensory information in

Ventral - Gives motor information out

23
Q

What are the 2 components of PNS?

A

Somatic: Voluntary component
Motor nerve supply
Skeletal muscle, sensory from skin, muscles + joints.

Autonomic : Involuntary components
Organs, smooth muscle walls of blood vessels etc.

24
Q

How many spinal nerves are there at each vertebrae? and at each region?

A

One pair

Cervical - 8

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar -5

Sacral - 5

1 coccygeal nerve

25
Q

How are spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord? Where do they exit?

A

Nerve roots:
Dorsal - Afferent (somatosensory)
Ventral - Efferent (somatic motor/sympathetic)

Intervertebral foramen

26
Q

What does the dorsal primary ramus supply?

A

Skin over paravertebral gutter
Erector spinae muscle
Facet joints of vertebral column.

27
Q

What does the ventral primary ramus supply?

A

Rest of the body except head/neck

It is a much larger nerve.

28
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Ventral primary rami merge forming nerves w axons from multiple spinal nerves.

29
Q

What is a dermatome and a myotome? what is it caused by?

A

Dermatome: individual strip of skin innervated by single spinal nerve (primary ramus)

Myotome: individual muscle group innervated by single spinal nerve (primary ramus)

Segmental organization of spinal nerves = dermatomes + myotomes.

30
Q

What are somites? what do they develop into?

A

Somites are paired blocks that form horizontal bands

A pair of spinal nerves (ectoderm) grow into somites

Somites (mesoderm) develop into dermatomes and myotomes

31
Q

How do we determine the location of injury of a dermatome?

A

Loss/altered sensation/pain from dermatome indicates injury to spinal cord, nerve root, or spinal nerve.
Each strip of skin running horizontally is innervated by a individual spinal nerve.

32
Q

What is the exception to pre/post ganglionic neurons in the ANS?

A

Adrenal medulla preganglionic only

33
Q

Where do postganglionic neurones go?

A

through spinal nerves to musculoskeletal system

through branches to heart, lungs or head

34
Q

In parasympathetic pathway, is the preganglionic long/short?

A

The preganglionic is long, and the postganglionic is short.

anataomy p2 (5 decks)

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