Week 1

Question 1

Define primary health care

Answer 1

Primary Care (family–doctor type services) + Public Health
(population health services) = Primary Health Care.

Question 2

Why is PHC important

Answer 2

Primary Health Care is the essential health care made accessible to individuals \ at a cost that the community and country can afford.

Question 3

Define Impoverishing care

Answer 3

Wherever people lack social protection and payment for care is largely out-of-pocket at the point of service, they can be confronted with catastrophic expenses.

Question 4

Define fragmented and fragmenting care

Answer 4

Fragmentation” in healthcare delivery means the systemic misalignment of incentives, or lack of coordination, that spawns inefficient allocation of resources or harm to patients. Fragmentation adversely impacts quality, cost, and outcomes

Question 5

Define Misdirected care

Answer 5

Resource allocation clusters around curative services at great cost, neglecting the potential of primary prevention and health promotion to prevent up to 70% of the disease burden.

Question 6

Define inverse care

Answer 6

People with the most means – whose needs for health care are often less – consume the most care, whereas those with the least means and greatest health problems consume the least.

Question 7

The Declaration of Alma Ata in 1978: Why was this important?

Answer 7

it identified primary health care as the key to the attainment of the goal of “Health for All” around the globe

Question 8

What were the core principles of PHC

Answer 8

Universal access to care
Equity
Community participation
Intersectoral collaboration
Appropriate use of resources

Question 9

what are the key elements of PHC/ 5 key principles of WHO

Answer 9

• Universal coverage reforms (reducing exclusion and social disparities in health)
• Service delivery reforms (organising health services around people’s needs and expectations)
• Public policy reforms (integrating health into all sectors)
• Leadership reforms (pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue)
• Increasing stakeholder participation

Question 10

What is the first of the three inter-related components:

Answer 10

1. Meeting people’s health needs through comprehensive promotive, protective, preventive, care throughout the life course,
   and strategically prioritizing key health care services aimed at individuals and families

Question 11

What is the second of the three inter-related components:

Answer 11

Systematically addressing the broader determinants of health through evidence-informed policies and actions across all sectors; and

Question 12

What is the third of the three inter-related components:

Answer 12

Empowering individuals to optimize their health

Question 13

Key challenges for PHC

Answer 13

• Misperception that PHC only provides ‘basic care
• Financing PHC policy difficult
• Rise in chronic disease and multiple co-morbidities
• Growing burden of disease related to mental health
• Accessibility of services due to location

Question 14

PHC changes in last 20 yrs

Answer 14

• PHC is now moving beyond providing health care to individuals to a population approach.
• Growth in economy
• Improvements in providing person-centred care
• Improvements in quality of care, and patient expectations

Question 15

Where and when was the The Declaration of Alma Ata

Answer 15

1978 Kazakhstan

Question 16

Are there any real differences in perspectives about Primary Health Care between 2004-2019?

Answer 16

2004 followed a Biomedical model of health focusing on the problem, dealing with the present issues. Fixing problems as they arose. 2019 follows a social model of health. Involving all stakeholders, aiming to promote equity for all people and empowering individuals and communities, to be able to have the ability to make positive health decisions from health education within a supportive environment.