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Botany Fall 2019 > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the central cell nucleus become

A

endosperm

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2
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do the central cell nucleus have

A

2n

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3
Q

where is the location for gametophyte development

A

ovule

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4
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do synergids have

A

1n

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5
Q

what do synergies aid in

A

Fertilization

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6
Q

what is the only surviving nucleus produced from megasporocyte

A

megaspore

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7
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do the antipodals have

A

1n

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8
Q

what do antipodals do

A

aid in embryo nutrition

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9
Q

where does the male gametophyte develop

A

in an anther

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10
Q

does the male gametophyte go through mitosis or meiosis when creating 4 microspores

A

meiosis

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11
Q

what is produced from the male gametophyte going through meiosis

A

4 microspores

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12
Q

4 microspores will produces 2 cells: one is the ____ ; the second is the _____.

A

vegetative cell/ generative cell

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13
Q

what does the vegetative cell become

A

tube cell

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14
Q

what does the generative cell produce? How?

A
  • 2 sperm

- mitosis

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15
Q

what is the male gametophyte

A

the microsporocyte

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16
Q

what is the outermost wall of a pollen grain called

A

exine

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17
Q

what is the exine made out of

A

sporopollenin

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18
Q

what is the inner portion of a pollen grain called

A

intine

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19
Q

what is the intine made out of

A

cellulose and pectins

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20
Q

germination

A

growth of pollen tube down style

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21
Q

transfer of pollen

A

pollination

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22
Q

fertilization

A

merging of male and female gametophyte

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23
Q

DNA converted into mRNA

A

transcription

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24
Q

growth

A

cell division and enlargement

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25
Q

coordination of cell activities to produce tissues, organs, etc.

A

development

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26
Q

translation

A

mRNA re-written into amino acids to make protein

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27
Q

cells take on properties that allow specialization

A

differentiation

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28
Q

What is required to stimulate growth and development?

A
  • stimulus reception
  • response
  • transduction of info
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29
Q

micronutrient

A

growth factor required in minute amounts; too much can be toxic

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30
Q

Organic molecule produced in a region of active growth

A

hormone

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31
Q

macronutrient

A

inorganic growth factor required in large amounts

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32
Q

organic coenzyme; synthesized in membranes

A

vitamin

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33
Q

true or false regarding plant hormones: variable effects based on location and amount available

A

true

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34
Q

true or false regarding plant hormones: large amounts required to produce effects

A

false

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35
Q

true or false regarding plant hormones: typically present in inactive conjugated form

A

true

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36
Q

true or false regarding plant hormones: may act locally or in distant tissues

A

true

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37
Q

true or false regarding plant hormones: may act with or against other hormones

A

true

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38
Q

what are the major types of hormones

A
  • ethylene
  • auxins
  • cytokinins
  • abscisic acid
  • gibberellins
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39
Q

Which of the following is the only hormone produced as a gas?

A

ethylene

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40
Q

Which hormone is the primary indicator of a healthy actively-growing plant?

A

auxin

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41
Q

true or false regarding auxins: produced in apical meristems, new leaves, buds

A

true

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42
Q

true or false regarding auxins: prevention of leaf abscission and fruit drop

A

true

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43
Q

true or false regarding auxins: apical dominance

A

true

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44
Q

true or false regarding auxins: seed dormancy

A

false

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45
Q

true or false regarding auxins: toxic to monocots in high doses

A

false

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46
Q

true or false regarding auxins: stimulates lateral branch growth

A

false

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47
Q

what is the precursor molecule of ethylene

A

methionine

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48
Q

what is the precursor molecule of gibberellins

A

acetyl-CoA

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49
Q

what is the precursor molecule of abscisic acid

A

carotenoids

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50
Q

what is the precursor molecule of auxins

A

tryptophan

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51
Q

what is the precursor molecule of cytokinins

A

adenine

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52
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins: effects are maximized when combined with auxins

A

true

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53
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins:break seed and bud dormancy

A

true

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54
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins:transport through xylem

A

false

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55
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins: antagonistic to auxins

A

false

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56
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins: increase stem growth and fruit size

A

true

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57
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins: expensive

A

true

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58
Q

true or false regarding gibberellins: induce dormancy in seeds and buds

A

false

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59
Q

why do people apply ethylene to plants

A

batch ripening of fruits

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60
Q

why do people apply gibberellins to plants

A

increased crop yields

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61
Q

why do people apply cytokinins to plants

A

reduced wind damage in wheat; prolonged freshness of vegetables and flowers

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62
Q

why do people apply auxins to plants

A

weed control; production of seedless fruit

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63
Q

true or false regarding cytokinins: stimulates lateral growth

A

true

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64
Q

true or false regarding cytokinins: stimulate cell growth & differentiation

A

true

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65
Q

true or false regarding cytokinins: often antagonistic to auxins and GA’s

A

true

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66
Q

true or false regarding cytokinins: produced in root tips and germinating seeds

A

true

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67
Q

true or false regarding cytokinins: works together with auxins and GA’s

A

false

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68
Q

true or false regarding cytokinins: produced as a gas

A

false

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69
Q

what transports ethylene

A

diffusion through cells and tissues

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70
Q

what transports GA’s and ABA

A

transport through phloem

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71
Q

what transports auxins

A

active polar transport

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72
Q

what transports cytokinins

A

transport through xylem

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73
Q

true or false regarding abscisic acid: produced in terminal buds, mature leaves, and roots

A

true

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74
Q

true or false regarding abscisic acid: causes dormancy in seeds and buds

A

true

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75
Q

true or false regarding abscisic acid: decreased water uptake; increased transpiration

A

false

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76
Q

true or false regarding abscisic acid: growth inhibitor in plants under stress

A

true

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77
Q

true or false regarding abscisic acid: major hormone involved with abscission

A

false

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78
Q

true or false regarding ethylene: major hormone responsible for abscission

A

true

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79
Q

true or false regarding ethylene: causes unripened fruit to remain metabolically inactive

A

false

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80
Q

true or false regarding ethylene: produced throughout plant

A

true

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81
Q

true or false regarding ethylene: thigmomorphogenesis in some plants

A

true

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82
Q

true or false regarding ethylene: only produced when oxygen is present

A

true

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83
Q

salicylic acid

A

acquired immune response to viral attack

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84
Q

immune defense against animals and fungi

A

jasmonic acid

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85
Q

brassinosteroids

A

Important participant in many hormone driven growth processes

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86
Q

Which 2 hormones play key roles in control of apical dominance?

A

cytokinins

auxins

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87
Q

what is ethylene role in senescence

A

primary role in senesence

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88
Q

what is abscisic acid role in senescence

A

secondary role in senescence

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89
Q

what are auxins, GA’s, and cytokinins roles in senescence

A

delay of senescence

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90
Q

what movements are repeatable and non-directional in relation to the stimulus that causes them

A

nastic

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91
Q

what movements include spiraling growth

A

nutations

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92
Q

what movement response to touch

A

thigmonastic

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93
Q

what movement occur in daily cycles

A

sleep movements

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94
Q

what movements include hypocotyl growth through soil

A

nodding

95
Q

___ movements are directional growth responses that occur either toward ( ___) or away from ( ____) a stimulus.

A

tropic
positive
negative

96
Q

movements related to light

A

phototropic

97
Q

movements due to gravity

A

gravitropic

98
Q

day-neutral

A

flowering stimulated by factors other than day length

99
Q

flowering occurs during seasons with extended periods of darkness (spring & fall)

A

short-day plants

100
Q

critical night length

A

species-specific amount of darkness needed to initiate flowering

101
Q

flowering occurs during season with short periods of darkness (summer)

A

long-day plants

102
Q

quiescence

A

seed is metabolically active but unable to germinate due to lack of normal growth conditions

103
Q

normal aging and death

A

senescence

104
Q

dormancy

A

slowing of metabolic activity in preparation for winter, even with normal growth factors present

105
Q

Sedges have ____, rushes are ____, and mints are _____

A
  • edges
  • round
  • square
106
Q

who studied evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

107
Q

what is the difference between a law and a theory

A

a law describes phenomenon and a theory explains how a phenomenon occurs

108
Q

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

A

evolution

109
Q

Natural Selection

A

Individuals better suited to their environment have higher chance of survival and successful reproduction

110
Q

one extreme phenotype is favored

A

Directional selection

111
Q

Disruptive selection

A

both extreme phenotypes are favored

112
Q

average phenotype is favored

A

Stabilizing selection

113
Q

Coevolution

A

when one species evolves in response to another species evolving

114
Q

members of a lineage acquire different characteristics to adapt to different environments

A

Adaptive radiation

115
Q

Convergent evolution

A

related plants have similar characteristics to adapt to similar environments

116
Q

an error in copying DNA

A

mutation

117
Q

Genetic Drift

A

random chance and sampling error`

118
Q

which one of the ways alleles change affect small populations the most

A

genetic drift

119
Q

what is the founder effect

A

small subset in new envir

120
Q

what is the bottleneck effect

A

small subset of survivors

121
Q

movement of alleles between populations

A

gene flow

122
Q

prevents formation of zygote

A

prezygotic isolation

123
Q

prevents formation of viable offspring

A

postzygotic isolation

124
Q

population

A

organisms of the same species that share resources

125
Q

populations that share resources

A

community

126
Q

Commensalism

A

one plant benefits while the other is unaffected

127
Q

what class includes dicots

A

magnoliopsida

128
Q

what class includes monocots

A

liliopsida

129
Q

what is special about Family Ranunculaceae

A
  • simple pistils
130
Q

what is special about Family Lauraceae

A
  • small yellow aromatic flowers
131
Q

Which endangered vegetation community is unique to coastal regions along California and Baja California?

A

coastal sage scrub

132
Q

mixed conifer forest

A

various pines and broadleaf trees

133
Q

mix of often-prickly evergreen shrubs and low-growing trees

A

chaparral

134
Q

riparian

A

vegetation growing in the near vicinity of waterways

135
Q

low-growing aromatic shrubs

A

coastal sage scrub

136
Q

coastal salt marsh

A

wetland shrubs regularly inundated with tidal salt water

137
Q

acorn-producing trees with varying degrees of undergrowth development

A

oak woodland

138
Q

desert scrub

A

perennial growth with short-lived herbaceous plants

139
Q

herbaceous perennials dominated by non-natives

A

grassland

140
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire:quick re-sprouting, often from an extensive seed bank

A

true

141
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: salt excretion

A

false

142
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: turpenes

A

true

143
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: root crowns

A

true

144
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: thin leaves

A

false

145
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: trichomes

A

false

146
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: thick bark

A

true

147
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: thick seed coats

A

true

148
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: shallow spreading roots

A

true

149
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: deep tap roots

A

true

150
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: root crowns

A

false

151
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: light coloration

A

true

152
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: trichomes

A

true

153
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: thick seed coats

A

false

154
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: thin leaves

A

true

155
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: deep seed bank

A

false

156
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: thick bark

A

false

157
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: waxy cuticles and leathery leaves

A

true

158
Q

true or false regarding adaptations to drought: turpenes

A

false

159
Q

what adaptation matches with fast root growth

A

Desiccation

160
Q

what adaptation matches with timing of seed dispersal

A

disturbance

161
Q

what adaptation matches with adventitious growth

A

disturbance

162
Q

what adaptation matches with burial survival

A

inundation

163
Q

what adaptation matches with deep taproots

A

Desiccation

164
Q

what adaptation matches with flexible or brittle stems

A

disturbance

165
Q

what are plants characteristics below that are adaptations to cold, fire, or aridity in a mixed conifer forest

A
  • pine cones
  • thick bark
  • thin waxy needles
  • evergreen
166
Q

what adaptation matches heavy stems

A

inundation

167
Q

what adaptation matches CAM photosynthesis

A

aridity

168
Q

what adaptation matches release of toxins into soil

A

competition in a resource depleted region

169
Q

what adaptation matches water-storage tissues

A

aridity

170
Q

what adaptation matches salt excretion

A

high salinity

171
Q

what adaptation matches small leaves

A

inundation

172
Q

what adaptation matches waxy or modified leaves

A

aridity

173
Q

The study of the timing of events in the life of a plant in relation to climate is referred to as:

A

phenology

174
Q

what plant types that have a “big bang” life history.

A
  • biennials

- annuals

175
Q

what plant types that have a repeated reproduction life history.

A
  • woody perennials

- herbaceous perennials

176
Q

what kind of growth has populations doubling time continually decreases

A

exponential

177
Q

what kind of growth has populations slows as it approaches k

A

logistic

178
Q

what does k=

A

caring capacity

179
Q

Density dependent

A

factors where the effects on the size or growth of a pop vary with the density of a pop

180
Q

density independent

A

factor limiting the size of a pop whose effect is not dependent on the number of people in pop

181
Q

competition among members of different species

A

interspecific comp

182
Q

provides all resources necessary for an organism’s survival

A

ecological niche

183
Q

competitors use shared resources differently

A

niche partitioning

184
Q

competition between members of the same species

A

intraspecific comp

185
Q

loser becomes locally extinct (aka Gause’s Law)

A

competitive exclusion

186
Q

true or false regarding predator - prey: The number of available plants controls the number of herbivores.

A

true

187
Q

true or false regarding predator - prey: Changes in herbivore and plant populations follow similar curves, but they are offset from each other.

A

true

188
Q

true or false regarding predator - prey: The number of herbivores controls the number of available plants.

A

true

189
Q

true or false: All of the energy available at one trophic level will be usable by organisms at the next level.

A

false

190
Q

transformation of solid directly to gas; eg., snow into water vapor

A

sublimation

191
Q

evaporation of water from plants into the atmosphere

A

transpiration

192
Q

movement of water into the soil

A

infiltration

193
Q

Evolution occurs ___ and involves a change in ____

A
  • at the pop level

- allele frequencies

194
Q

true or false: Evolution is goal-oriented, moving species closer and closer to an ideal form.

A

false

195
Q

evolution occurs as a series of brief dramatic changes separated in time

A

punctuated evolution

196
Q

common name for Cucurbitaceae

A

gourd family

197
Q

common name for Brassicaceae

A

mustard fam

198
Q

common name for Asteraceae

A

sunflower fam

199
Q

common name for Ranunculaceae

A

buttercup fam

200
Q

common name for Lamiaceae

A

mint fam

201
Q

common name for Apiaceae

A

carrot or parsley fam

202
Q

common name for Lauraceae

A

laurel fam

203
Q

common name for Solanaceae

A

nightshade fam

204
Q

common name for Papaveraceae

A

poppy fam

205
Q

common name for Euphorbiaceae

A

spurge fam

206
Q

common name for Fabaceae

A

legume or pea fam

207
Q

Which family is comprised of herbaceous perennials that survive the winter as underground bulbs?

A

apiaceae

208
Q

Which plant family is comprised of shrubby annuals and perennials that often grow tendrils?

A

Lamiaceae

209
Q

what is the largest dicot fam

A

Asteraceae

210
Q

native to North and South America

A

Cactaceae

211
Q

what is the 2nd largest dicot fam

A

Fabaceae

212
Q

largest flowering plant family

A

orchidaceae

213
Q

Which flowering plant family is NOT typically represented in an ornamental garden?

A

Solanaceae

214
Q

Select any and all plant families that are known to have poisonous members.

A
  • Solanaceae
  • Apiaceae
  • Ranunculaceae
215
Q

Select any and all plant families that include members used as spices and/or herbs.

A
  • Lamiaceae
  • Lauraceae
  • Brassicaceae
216
Q

composite flowers composed of florets that may be perfect, imperfect, or sterile

A

asteraceae

217
Q

spike inflorescences that may be interrupted along the stem

A

Lamiaceae

218
Q

single radial flowers with multiples of all flower elements

A

Cactaceae

219
Q

incomplete flowers arranged in a cyathium

A

Euphorbiaceae

220
Q

perennial shrub with 3 sepals and 3 petals, one of which forms a lip-like landing pad for pollinators

A

Orchidaceae

221
Q

what plant fam drupe

A

Lauraceae

222
Q

what plant fam nutlets

A

Lamiaceae

223
Q

what plant fam pepo

A

Cucurbitaceae

224
Q

what plant fam achene with pappus

A

Asteraceae

225
Q

what plant fam silique

A

Brassicaceae

226
Q

what plant fam grain

A

Poaceae

227
Q

what plant fam legume

A

Fabaceae

228
Q

6 tepals

A

Liliaceae

229
Q

no petals; flowers have bracts instead

A

Euphorbiaceae

230
Q

wind pollinated plants with no perianth

A

Poaceae

231
Q

aromatic shrubs with no calyx

A

Apiaceae

232
Q

shrubs with petals arranged in a cross

A

Brassicaceae

233
Q

aromatic shrubs with squared stems and opposite leaves

A

Lamiaceae

Botany Fall 2019 (4 decks)

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