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Year 1: 07. Neuro Exam 3 > Lecture 8: Introduction to Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Introduction to Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to self receptors

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2
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Cell produces a hormone or chemical messenger to induce changes in nearby cells

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3
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs

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4
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

Release of a hormone from a nerve cell that has an effect on another cell

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A 
TRH
CRH
GnRH
GHRH
Somatostatin
Dopamine
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6
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
MSH
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
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7
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH (Vasopressin)

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8
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid?

A

T3, T4

Calcitonin

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9
Q

What hormones are released from the parathyroid?

A

PTH

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10
Q

What hormones are released from the pancrease?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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12
Q

What hormones are released from the kidney?

A

Renin

Calcitriol

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13
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal Androgens

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14
Q

What hormones are released from the testes?

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

What hormones are released from the ovaries?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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16
Q

What hormones are released from the corpus luteum?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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17
Q

What hormones are released from the placenta?

A

HCG
Estriol
Progesterone
hPL

18
Q

What are the three type of hormones?

A

Protein/peptide
Steroid
Amines

19
Q

What are characteristics of peptide hormones?

A

Synthesized from preprohormone
Stored in secretory vesicles
Water soluble
Membrane receptors

20
Q

What are characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

Synthesized from cholesterol
Lipid soluble
Cytosol or nuclear receptors

21
Q

What synthesizes and secretes steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal Cortex
Gonads
Corpus Luteum
Placenta

22
Q

What are amines derived from?

A

Tyrosine

23
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Synthesized in cytosol

Cell-membrane associated receptors

24
Q

What are thyroid hormones?

A

Synthesized and stored in thyroid gland

Nuclear receptors

25
Q

If a hormone has a high protein binding rate, does it have a slow slow or fast metabolic clearing rate?

A

Slow (Long-acting)

26
Q

What is an example of hormone secretion via neural mechanism?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic innervation of adrenal medulla to release catecholamines

27
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Hormones continue to secrete other hormones, amplifying its effect greatly
Not common

28
Q

Where is positive feedback found?

A

Ovulation

Labor Contractions

29
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Hormone secretion will inhibit or balance other hormones to have controlled effects

30
Q

What is an example of major endocrine axes?

A

Hypothalamus –> Anterior Pituitary —>Target Tissue

31
Q

What is the first tier of the endocrine axes?

A

Hypothalamus

32
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

Impose a circadian rhythm

33
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Release melatonin which influences SCN on day/night cycle

34
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

Increase number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low

35
Q

What are ways to cause up-regulation?

A

Increase synthesis of new receptors
Decrease the rate of degradation of existing receptors
Activate current receptors

36
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

Reduce number of receptors or sensitivity or target tissue when hormone levels are high

37
Q

What are ways to cause down-regulation?

A

Decrease receptor synthesis
Increase the rate of degradation of existing receptors
Deactivate current receptors

38
Q

What different pathways do GPCR receptors activate?

A

1) Adenylyl cyclase and cAMP

2) Phospholipase C and IP3/DAG/Ca2+

39
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

After steroid hormones bind to cytosol/nuclear receptors, the complex binds to DNA to activate certain genes to produce new protein (hormone).

40
Q

What happens when cGMP kinases are activated?

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles (NO)

Year 1: 07. Neuro Exam 3 (16 decks)

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