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A&P 2 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary sex organs?

A

Testes and ovaries

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2
Q

What is another name for primary sex organs?

A

Gonads

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3
Q

What is the function of the primary sex organs?

A

Produce gametes and secrete steroid sex hormones

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

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5
Q

What are the steroid sex hormones?

A

Androgens (male); estrogens and progesterone (female)

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6
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs?

A

Ducts, glands, and external genitalia

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7
Q

Where are the testes located? What do they produce?

A

Within the scrotum; produce sperm

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8
Q

How is sperm delivered to exterior?

A

Through a series of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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9
Q

Where is the vas deferens located?

A

Inside the ductus deferens (like a straw)

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10
Q

Hidden or undescended testes

A

Cryptorchidism

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11
Q

Located outside of the body to cool sperm since it cannot be produced at body temperature

A

Scrotum

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12
Q

What happens during vasectomy?

A

The ductus deferens is located and cut into, then vas deferens is cut/obstructed to prevent sperm from travelling through

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13
Q

Sperm producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum

A

Testes

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14
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral (or Cowper’s) glands

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15
Q

What are the two sets of analogous male/female tissues/structures?

A

Penis and clitoris; scrotum and labia

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16
Q

Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity; contains paired testes

A

Scrotum

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17
Q

What temperature is the scrotum kept at?

A

3 degrees Celsius lower than core body temp

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18
Q

What divides scrotum into 2 compartments (one for each testis)? How many lobules/seminiferous tubules present?

A

Midline septum; divides each testis into ~250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

What are the sets of muscles (2) that keep scrotal temperature constant?

A

Dartos muscle and cremaster muscle

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20
Q

Smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin and pulls scrotum closer to the body

A

Dartos muscle

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21
Q

Bands of skeletal muscle that elevate testes

A

Cremaster muscle

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22
Q

Which 2 tunics surround each testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

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23
Q

Outer tunic surrounding testis that is derived from peritoneum

A

Tunica vaginalis

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24
Q

Inner tunic surrounding testis that forms fibrous capsule

A

Tunica albuginea

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25
Q

What is the site of sperm production?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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26
Q

Tubules that have thick, stratified epithelium surrounding central fluid-containing lumen; contains spheroid spermatogenic cells embedded in support cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

Sperm forming cells

A

Spermatogenic cells

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28
Q

Support cells

A

Sustenocytes

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29
Q

Cells that surround each seminiferous tubule; contains smooth muscle-like cells that may squeeze sperm and testicular fluids out of testes

A

Myoid cells

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30
Q

Tubules of each lobule converge to form the _____ tubule

A

Straight tubule

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31
Q

What is the passageway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to storage site

A

Seminiferous tubule to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis to storage

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32
Q

What 3 parts make up the epididymis?

A

Head, body, and tail

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33
Q

Where is sperm stored until ejaculation?

A

In the tail of the epididymis

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34
Q

Cells located in the soft tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

A

Interstitial endocrine cells

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35
Q

What do the interstitial endocrine cells produce/secrete?

A

Produce androgens, such as testosterone; secretes androgens into interstitial fluids

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36
Q

What do testicular arteries arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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37
Q

What do testicular veins arise from? From where?

A

Pampiniform venous plexus surrounding each testicular artery

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38
Q

What does pampiniform venous plexus do?

A

Absorbs heat from testicular arteries to keep testes cool

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39
Q

Cord that encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes

A

Spermatic cord

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40
Q

Rare cancer that is most common in men ages 15-35

A

Testicular cancer

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41
Q

Signs of testicular cancer

A

Painless, solid mass found in testes

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42
Q

Risk factors for testicular cancer

A

Hx of mumps that lead to orchitis (inflammation of testis) and hx of cryptorchidism

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43
Q

Treatment for testicular cancer

A

90% cured by surgical removal of testis and often chemo/radiation

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44
Q

Male copulatory organ that consists of root and shaft, which ends in glans penis

A

Penis

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45
Q

What makes up the external genitalia

A

Penis and scrotum

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46
Q

What happens during an erection?

A

Erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid

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47
Q

Foreskin of penis; cuff of loose skin covering glans penis

A

Prepuce

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48
Q

Surgical removal of foreskin

A

Circumcision

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49
Q

What are the benefits of circumcision?

A

Reduction of HIV risk; reduced risk for reproductive infections

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50
Q

How common is circumcision?

A

60% of males in US are circumcised, but only 15% in rest of world population

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51
Q

What makes up the penis internally?

A

Spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue, spongy network of connective tissue, and smooth muscle with vascular spaces

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52
Q

Surrounds urethra and expands to form glans penis and bulb

A

Corpus spongiosum

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53
Q

Paired dorsal erectile bodies

A

Corpora cavernosa

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54
Q

Proximal ends of corpora cavernosa surrounded by ischiocavernous muscle

A

Crura

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55
Q

What is the function of crura?

A

Anchors penis to pelvic arch

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56
Q

Diamond-shaped region between pubic symphysis, coccyx, and ischial tuberosities

A

Male perineum

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57
Q

What does the male perineum contain?

A

Root of penis and anus

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58
Q

What is the function of male perineum?

A

Suspends scrotum

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59
Q

What does head of epididymis contain? Where is it located?

A

Efferent ductules; located on superior aspect of testis

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60
Q

Where is body and tail of epididymis located?

A

On posterolateral area of testis

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61
Q

How long is duct of epididymis?

A

~6 cm in length

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62
Q

_______ (or ______) absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm

A

Microvilli (stereocilia)

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63
Q

What happens to sperm in epididymis? How long does sperm remain there?

A

Nonmotile sperm enter, pass slowly through, and then become motile; passes over ~20 days, but can be stored for several months

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64
Q

What happens to sperm during ejaculation?

A

Epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens

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65
Q

How long is the vas deferens/ductus deferens? What does it pass through and expand to form?

A

~45 cm long; passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity; expands to form ampulla

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66
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ductus deferens joins duct of seminal vesicle

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67
Q

Cutting and ligating of ductus deferens; almost 100% effective form of birth control

A

Vasectomy

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68
Q

What propels sperm from epididymis to urethra?

A

Smooth muscle is walls of ductus deferens

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69
Q

Conveys both semen and urine, but at different times

A

Urethra

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70
Q

What are the 3 regions of male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra, intermediate part (membranous) urethra, and spongy urethra

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71
Q

Male urethra surrounded by prostate

A

Prostatic urethra

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72
Q

Male urethra present in urogenital diaphragm

A

Intermediate part (membranous urethra)

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73
Q

Male urethra that runs through penis; opens at external urethral orifice

A

Spongy urethra

74
Q

Where are the seminal glands located?

A

On posterior bladder surface

75
Q

What is the function of seminal glands?

A

They contain smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation and produce viscous alkaline seminal fluid

76
Q

What is contained in seminal fluid?

A

Fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins

77
Q

What causes seminal fluid to fluoresce with UV light?

A

Yellow pigment

78
Q

How much of semen is made up of seminal fluid?

A

70%

79
Q

Organ that is the size of a peach pit and encircles urethra inferior to bladder

A

Prostate

80
Q

What does the prostate consist of?

A

Smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

81
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

Milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) that enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation

82
Q

What does the prostate do?

A

Plays a role in sperm activation and makes up 1/3 of semen volume

83
Q

Bacterial infection of the prostate that can be acute or chronic; treated with Abx

A

Prostatitis

84
Q

What is most common form of prostatitis?

A

Chronic or pelvic pain syndrome

85
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic prostatitis?

A

Inflammatory (UTI symptoms, pain in external genitalia and low back, WBCs in urine); non-inflammatory (same as inflammatory except no WBCs/bacteria in urine)

86
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Disorder that distorts urethra and may be age-related

87
Q

Treatment of BPH

A

Can be treated with surgery; newer options available: microwave/drugs to shrink prostate, balloon compression, or radio-frequency radiation

88
Q

What is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in males?

A

Prostate cancer

89
Q

How is prostate cancer detected?

A

Digital exam screening and PSA levels; biopsy if abnormal

90
Q

Tx of prostate cancer

A

Tx with surgery and sometimes radiation, castration, or drugs; in clinical trials: cryosurgery, chemo, ultrasound, and proton beam therapy

91
Q

Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate, which produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal

A

Bulbo-urethral (or Cowper’s) glands

92
Q

What is the function of secretions from bulbo-urethral glands?

A

Lubricates glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

93
Q

Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

Semen

94
Q

How much semen ejaculated? How much sperm contained in 1 mL of semen?

A

2-5mL semen; 20-150 million sperm per mL

95
Q

What does sperm contain?

A

Fructose for ATP production, protects and activates sperm, and facilitates sperm movement

96
Q

What does the alkalinity of semen do?

A

Neutralizes acidity of the male urethra and female vagina; enhances sperm motility

97
Q

What are the characteristics (what does it contain) of semen?

A

Prostaglandins, hormone relaxin and other enzymes to enhance sperm motility, ATP for energy, antibiotic chemicals, and clotting factors

98
Q

What do prostaglandins in semen do?

A

Decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix and stimulates reverse peristalsis in uterus

99
Q

Semen can _______ female immune response

A

Suppress

100
Q

What do antibiotic chemicals present in semen do?

A

Destroy some bacteria

101
Q

What do clotting factors in semen do?

A

Coagulate semen initially to prevent draining out, then liquefy it by fibrinolysin so sperm can finish journey

102
Q

What happens during male sexual excitement?

A

Causes CNS activation of parasympathetic neurons, which releases nitric oxide (NO)

103
Q

What does nitric oxide (NO) cause?

A

Causes relaxation of local vascular smooth muscle, which causes arterioles to dilate

104
Q

Arterioles are normally ______ in absence of male sexual excitement

A

Constricted

105
Q

The _________ expands and retards venous drainage leading to engorgement of erectile tissues with blood and enlargement/stiffening of penis

A

Corpora cavernosa

106
Q

What initiates male sexual response?

A

Initiated by sexual stimuli, such as touch, mechanical stimulation, erotic sights/sounds/smells; can be induced or inhibited by emotions or higher mental activity

107
Q

What fibers around penis prevent kinking/buckling of erect penis?

A

Longitudinal and circular fibers

108
Q

What keeps urethra open during erection?

A

Corpus spongiosum

109
Q

Propulsion of semen from male duct system

A

Ejaculation

110
Q

What happens during the sympathetic spinal reflex?

A
  1. bladder sphincter muscle constricts
  2. ducts and accessory glands contract
  3. bulbospongiosus muscles undergo rapid series of contractions
111
Q

What is the purpose of bladder sphincter muscle contracting during ejaculation?

A

To prevent expulsion of urine

112
Q

What is caused by bulbospongiosus muscles undergoing rapid series of contractions during ejaculation?

A

Causes expulsion of semen at ~500 cm/s (close to 11 mph)

113
Q

What is ejaculatory event called?

A

Climax (or orgasm)

114
Q

Production of sperm (spermatozoa) in seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

115
Q

Most body cells have ______ chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes

116
Q

Most body cells have ___ sets of ____ chromosomes

A

2; 23

117
Q

What is contained in the 2 pairs of 23 sets of chromosomes?

A

1 maternal set and 1 paternal set; homologous chromosomes referred to as diploid chromosomal number (2n)

118
Q

Games only have ____ chromosomes

A

23

119
Q

What is contained in the 23 chromosomes of gametes?

A

haploid chromosomal number (n); only 1 member of homologous pair

120
Q

______ formation involves meiosis, which differs from mitosis

A

Gamete formation

121
Q

What does meiosis involve?

A

Involves 2 consecutive cell divisions (meiosis 1 & 2), but only one round of DNA replication, which produces 4 daughter cells

122
Q

What are the functions of meiosis?

A
  1. number of chromosomes are cut in half (2n to n)

2. introduces genetic diversity, as all daughter cells are genetically different from original cells

123
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A
  1. masculinizes embryonic brain

2. continues to exert effect well into adulthood

124
Q

Reduces number of chromosomes from 2n to n during meiosis 1

A

reduction division of meiosis

125
Q

_________ has events not seen in mitosis or meiosis II

A

prophase I

126
Q

What events are present in prophase I that are not seen in mitosis or meiosis II?

A
  1. Synapsis

2. Crossover (chiasmata)

127
Q

Homologous chromosomes pair up forming tetrads during ______

A

Synapsis

128
Q

______ consist of 4 chromatids

A

Tetrads

129
Q

_______ is the exchange of genetic material between male and female chromotids

A

crossover (or chiasmata)

130
Q

What does crossover during prophase I result in?

A

Results in unique chromosomes that are mixtures of maternal and paternal chromosomes

131
Q

What happens to tetrads during metaphase I?

A

Tetrads line up randomly at spindle of equator

132
Q

What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase I?

A

Sister chromatids of one homologous chromosome are separated from sister chromatids of other

133
Q

What does each daughter cell have at end of meiosis I?

A
  1. 2 copies (sister chromatids) of one member of each homologous pair (either maternal or paternal) and none of the other
  2. haploid chromosomal # because still-united sister chromatids are considered one chromosomes (twice amount of DNA in each chromosome)
134
Q

______ cells give rise to sperm

A

Spermatogenic cells

135
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Occurs in seminiferous tubules of testis

136
Q

What 2 important tasks does meiosis 1 accomplish?

A
  1. reduces chromosomal # by half

2. introduces genetic variability

137
Q

How does meiosis 1 introduce genetic variability?

A
  1. Random alignment of homologous pairs in meiosis 1 leads to variability of gametes
  2. Crossover ensures variability of gametes
138
Q

_________ results in no 2 gametes being exactly alike; all are different from original mother cells

A

Meiosis I

139
Q

What is another way to describe meiosis II?

A

Equational division of meiosis

140
Q

What is different about meiosis II when compared to mitosis?

A

Events are similar to mitosis, except there is no chromosome replication before process begins

141
Q

What happens to sister chromatids during meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids from meiosis I are separated and pulled toward opposite poles, which results in one per cell

142
Q

What are the 3 steps of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitosis of spermatogonia (stem cell)
  2. Meiosis
  3. Spermiogenesis
143
Q

What happens during mitosis of spermatogonia?

A

Forms 2 spermatocytes

144
Q

What happens during meiosis during spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytes form secondary spermatocytes, which form spermatids

145
Q

What happens to spermatids during spermiogenesis?

A

spermatids become sperm

146
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

At puberty

147
Q

Stem cells that are in contact with epithelial basal lamina

A

Spermatogonia

148
Q

What does each mitotic division yield during spermatogenesis?

A

1 type A daughter cell and 1 type B daughter cell

149
Q

What does type A daughter cell maintain?

A

Maintains germ cell line at basal lamina

150
Q

What happens to type B daughter cells?

A

Move toward lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

151
Q

What happens to primary spermatocyte during meiosis I?

A

Primary spermatocyte (2n) undergoes meiosis I, forming 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)

152
Q

What happens to secondary spermatocyte during meiosis II?

A

Each secondary spermatocyte (n) rapidly undergoes meiosis II to become 2 spermatids

153
Q

Small, non-motile cells found close to lumen of tubule

A

Spermatids

154
Q

What do spermatids contain?

A

Contain correct haploid chromosome number needed for fertilization (n)

155
Q

Streamlining process where spermatids elongate, lose excess cytoplasm, and form a tail to become sperm

A

Spermiogenesis

156
Q

What is another name for a sperm?

A

Spermatozoon

157
Q

What are the 3 major regions of sperm?

A

Head, midpiece, and tail

158
Q

Genetic region of sperm that includes a nucleus and helmet-like acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable sperm to penetrate egg

A

Head

159
Q

an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa; cap-like structure

A

acrosome

160
Q

metabolic region of sperm containing mitochondria that produce ATP to move tail

A

midpiece

161
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take if conditions are hospitable?

A

64-72 hours

162
Q

Locomotor region of sperm that contains flagellum

A

Tail

163
Q

Large supporting cells that extend through wall of tubule and surround developing cells

A

Sustenocytes

164
Q

What is another name for sustenocytes?

A

Sertoli cells

165
Q

What is the role of sustenocytes?

A
  1. provide nutrients and signals to dividing cells
  2. move cells along to lumen
  3. secrete testicular fluid into lumen for sperm transport
  4. phagocytize fault germ cells and excess cytoplasm
  5. produce chemical mediators to regulate spermatogenesis
166
Q

What do sustenocytes contain?

A

Contain tight junctions that divide tubule into 2 compartments

167
Q

What are the 2 compartments that tubules are divided into?

A
  1. basal compartment

2. adluminal compartment

168
Q

Area where spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes are located

A

basal compartment

169
Q

Area where meiotically active cells and tubule lumen are located

A

adluminal compartment

170
Q

What forms the blood testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions

171
Q

Prevents sperm antigens from escaping into blood and activation of immune system

A

Blood testis barrier

172
Q

Why is blood testis barrier needed?

A

sperm is not formed until puberty so it is absent during immune system development; results in sperm not being recognized as “self” so must be kept separated from rest of body to prevent being attacked by immune system

173
Q

How are sperm moved when they are non-motile and unable to swim?

A

Pressure of testicular fluid pushes immotile sperm into epididymis, where they gain motility and fertilizing power

174
Q

What does testosterone deficiency lead to?

A

Atrophy of accessory organs; semen volume declines; erection/ejaculation are impaired

175
Q

Treatment of testosterone deficiency

A

testosterone replacements

176
Q

What is the mechanism of effects of testosterone activity?

A
  1. testosterone, synthesized from cholesterol, is transformed at some target cells
  2. converted to dihydrotestosterone, or DHT, in prostate and estradiol in some brain neurons
  3. prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
  4. has multiple anabolic effects throughout body
177
Q

Features induced in nonreproductive organs by male sex hormones (mostly testosterone)

A

male secondary sex characteristics

178
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics?

A
  1. appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
  2. enhanced growth of chest hair
  3. deepening of voice
  4. skin thickens and becomes oily
  5. bones grow and increase in density
  6. skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
  7. boosts basal metabolic rate
  8. is basis of sex drive (libido) in males
179
Q

Testosterone ______ embryonic brain and continues to exert effect well into adulthood

A

Masculinizes

180
Q

Although ______ glands also produce androgens in small amounts, production is insufficient to maintain normal testosterone-mediated functions

A

adrenal glands

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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