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Lab D: midterm 2 > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

sampling techniques for urinalysis

A
  1. free catch sample
  2. catheterisation
  3. cystocentesis
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2
Q

assessment of urine colour

A
  • normal urine is clear and yellow to straw coloured
  • very light yellow or very pale straw coloured
    • low specific gravity - i.e. very diluted
  • deep yellow or orange
    • very concentrated urine
    • jaundice
    • effect of drugs
    • food sources
  • dark yellow greenish
    • biliverdin
    • long term stasis or urine in urinary bladder
    • long storage of sample
  • Red, yellow-reddish
    • haemoglobinuria, haematouria (mostly bacterial infections)
    • consumption of beetroot or red food dyes
  • Dark red brown, chocolate
    • older haemoglobin
    • methaeglobin present ( babesiosis, paracetamol poisoning)
    • myoglobinuria (burns, mysitis)
  • Blue
    • methylene blue (present in some drugs)
    • Multivitamins, B-vitamins, food dyes etc.
    • pyuria due to pseudomonas spp.
  • Green
    • food sources
    • drug sources (propofol)
  • cloudy or opaque
    • mucus - physiological in Eq
    • proteinuria
    • lipiduria - physiological in both dogs and cats
    • Pyuria
    • crystals or amorphous materials
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3
Q

describe urine odour

A
  • usually specific urine smell
  • usually stronger in males
  • lower urinary tract infections
    • ammonia smell
  • ketoacidosis
    • sweet smell
  • faecal contamination
    • faeces smell
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4
Q

describe specific gravity

A
  • it is an indicator of the concentrating abiity of the kidney tubles
  • SG is the ratio of the weight of the liquid to an equal volume of distilled water
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5
Q

how to measure SG

A
  • urinometer (most accurate)
  • refractometer
  • test strip (least accurate)
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6
Q

causes of hyposthenuria (reduced SG)

A
  • tempory by increased water intake
  • hyperadrenocorticism
  • decreased ADH production
  • ADH resistance
  • renal tubular damage
  • psychogenic polydypsia (PP)
  • liver disease
  • hypoadrenocorticism (loss of Na+)
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7
Q

causes of isosthenuria

A
  • tubules are not able to concentrate primary glomerular filtrate
  • severe tubular damage
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8
Q

Causes of hypersthenuria

A
  • normally urine is hypersthenuric
  • causes (pathological)
    • decreased water intake
    • substantial water loss
    • acute kidney failure
    • DM
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9
Q

what is the normal urine PH

A

carnivores = 5.5 - 7.5

herbivores = 7.0 - 8.5

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10
Q

causes of PH decrease

A
  • ketosis (Ru)
  • Lacticacidosis (Ru)
  • abomasal displacement
  • metabolic + respiratory acidosis - increase in H+ excretion
  • in vomiting - Na+ is reabsorbed with HCO3- - urine becomes more acidic
  • Hypokalaemia
  • treatment with acidifying drugs
  • toxicosis with acidifying substances - ethylene glycol
  • distal renal acidosis
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11
Q

causes of PH increase in the urine

A
  • feeing in carnivores - acid secretion in the stomach
  • UTI
  • metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
  • proximal renal acidosis - increasing HCO3- secreted into urine
  • overloading of alkalizing substances - bicarbonate or lactate containing inusion
  • long storage time causes urea decomposition to ammonia (increasing PH)
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12
Q

tests for determing protein in the urine

A
  1. test strips
  2. sulphosalicylic acid test (better than test strips)
  3. Heller test (G - melin test)
  4. spectrophotometry method
  5. urea: creatinin ration (UPC)
  6. specific methods:
  • immune electrophoresis
  • western blot
  • spectroscopy
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13
Q

Pre renal causes of proteinuria

A
  • Physiological
    • neonates before drinking of colostrum
    • excersise
    • exposure to extreme hot or cold
    • stress
  • Pathological
    • Increased protein catabolism
    • fever
    • seizures
    • increase in blood pressure
    • Dysproteinaemias
    • haemoglobinuria
    • severe muscular injury - myoglobin
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14
Q

causes or renal proteinuria

A
  • glomerular damage
  • specific tubulointerstitial lesions
  • infectious diseases (babesiosis, erlichiosis)
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15
Q

describe pseudoproteinuria

A
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16
Q

describe the tests for pus in urine

A
  • donne test
    • drip 4-5 drops of NaOH into urine sample
    • if pus is present then coagulation occurs
  • microscopic evaluation
17
Q

causes of pyuria

A
  • donne test in horses produces + result ( mucus not pus)
  • kidney pelvis inflammation
  • cystitis
  • inflammation of the genital tract
18
Q

tests for blood in urine

A
  • Benzidine test
    • high sensitivity but low specificity
    • add 0.5 - 1 g of benzidine powder and 0.5 - 1g H2O2 into a test tube and dissolve 2ml 30% acetic acid (haemolyse RBCs)
    • Haemoglobin reacts with H2O2
    • Free singlet oxygen reacts with benzidine to form deep green complex
  • Urine test strip
  • Urine sediment analysis
19
Q

causes of haematuria

A
  • lower UTI
  • Trauma (urinary bladder, kidney, urethra/ureter)
  • geital tract injury
    • endometritis
    • prostatitis
    • hypertrophy of the prostate gland
  • infectious and non infectious inflammatory processes in the higher and lower urinary tract
  • Renal infarction
  • Thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy
20
Q

causes of haemoglobinuria

A
  • intravascular haemolysis
    • IHA
    • Babesiosis
  • long term stasis of blood in the urinary bladder
21
Q

causes of myoglobulinuria

A
  • excessive muscle trauma
  • excercise
  • ischaemia (aortic thromboembolism in cats)
  • myositis
  • burns
22
Q

causes of increased nitrite in the urine

A
  • bacteria reduce nitrate into nitrite
  • UTI
  • False positives
    • old or unsterile samples
    • vitamin C and antibiotics
  • test is unreliable in carnivores
23
Q

organic substances in the urine

A
  • blood cells
  • cells from the lower urogenital tract
    • transitional cells
    • squamous cells
    • sperm cells
    • tumour cells
  • viral inclusion bodies - distemper etc.
  • Microbes
  • mucin
  • fat droplets
    • normal in cats
  • starch and pollen grain contamination
  • casts
    • formed from mucoproteins produced by the renal tubular cells
24
Q

inorganic sediments found in alkaline urine

A
  • struvite
    • presence or urease positive bacteria in UTI
  • Calcium carbonate
    • hypercaluria
    • horses, high calcium diet in dogs
  • calcium phosphate
    • hypercaluria
  • amorphous phosphate
    • meat and grain in diet - usually no clinical significance
  • Ammonium - ureate/biurate
    • severe impairment of hepatic function ( e.g. PSS)
    • in dalmation dogs
25
Q

inorganic sediments found in acidic urine

A
  • oxalate crystals (needle like)
    • ethylene glycol poisoning
    • consumption of toxic plants
    • common in herbivores
  • uric acid
    • Dalmations (congenital)
    • severe impairment of hepatic function (e.g. PSS)
  • Cysteine, leucine
    • metabolic disease
    • liver failure
    • congenital defect of tubular resorption
  • Biliruben crystals
    • pre hepatic and hepatic jaundice
  • Sulphanamides
    • sulphanamide therapy
26
Q
A

Lab D: midterm 2 (6 decks)

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