Midterm 1

Question 1

what is iatrogenic

Answer 1

caused by treatment

Question 2

the extent of injury depend on…

Answer 2

1) Cell type
2) perfusion
3) Intensity
4) Duration

Question 3

the mechanisms of cell injury are

Answer 3

1) Hypoxia - ATP required for electron transport chain & krebs cycle
2) Ca2+ Imbalance - many jobs - runs occur very quickly and use all the energy
3) Free radicals - unpredictable and highly reactive chemical fragments that interfere with other reactions specifically DNA

Question 4

what is metaplasia

Answer 4

transform one cell type to another - new tissue that isn’t normal for this site but it is normal to the body in general.
usually from persistent exposure like in smokers

Question 5

what is dysplasia

Answer 5

Tissue changed to an abnormal tissues - irreg size, shape, organization, not adaptive, precancerous

Question 6

what is anaplasia

Answer 6

abnormal differentiation & morphology associated with cancer

Question 7

What are the 2 responses of acute inflammation

Answer 7

1) Celuular immune respone

2) Vascular response

Question 8

explain the acute inflammation vascular & cellular response

Answer 8

Vascular response
1) Vasoconstrict so clot can form (neural response)
2) Vasodilation - leads to hyperaemia
3) Mediators increase permeability of vessels which leads to exudate formation
Cellular response
1) leukocyte margination
2) Adhesion
3) Transmargination/ diapedesis
4) Leukocytes activated & phagocytosis

Question 9

what are the components of fluid

Answer 9

electrolytes & water

Question 10

what is the components of exudate

Answer 10

• Fluid
• Cells
• protein

Question 11

what are the changes in cap. after injury

Answer 11

abc use rouleague formation to slow down blood flow
WBC come by & attach to endothelium (margination
Adhesion
diabedesis (increased perm causes exudate to form)

Question 12

what things occur d/t mediators

Answer 12

Dilation & permeability due to histamine & prostaglandin
pain d/t prostaglandin

Question 13

what are the systemic mnfts

Answer 13

1) headache
2) ever
3) malaise

Question 14

what is the pathogenesis of fever

Answer 14

1) body tissues & bacteria release pyrogens -> affect temp set point
2) Exogenous: released for bact. Trigger synth of endogenous
3) exogenous: interleukin, tumor necrosis factor
4) Synthesis of PGE2
5) Camp helps PGE2 bind hypothalamus -> temp adjust increase

Question 15

what is an important serum marker?

Answer 15

C-Reactive Protein - made in the liver, some always present. Deliberate part of complement defence. Non-specific marker of inflame. High in atherosclerosis. Chronically high means vascular damage

Question 16

immun effects of complement

Answer 16

1) Opsonization
2) Cell lysis
3) Chemotaxis
4) Activation of mast cells & basophils (cause release of mediators)

Question 17

what are the treatments of inflammation

Answer 17

1) Vasoconstrict - less swelling & pain
2) Elevation - reduce blood flow
3) pressure - decreases swell b/c trans. cap exchange
4) heat later - bring nutrients & enhance phagocytosis
5) NSAIDS - inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
6) Steroid - decrease meditator release. Inhibit leukocytes & mast cells

Question 18

what is an Ab

Answer 18

antigen binding protein

1) Neutralization - render ineffective
2) opsonization - for phagocytosis

Question 19

What is an epitope

Answer 19

part of ag recognized by ab

Question 20

where is IgA found

Answer 20

Mucus, saliva, tears. Most numerous secreted

Question 21

what is IgD found

Answer 21

naive b cell receptor. Activate basophil & mast cell.

Question 22

what is IgE

Answer 22

response for allergic reactions.

Question 23

what is IgG

Answer 23

secreted by plasma cells. Most in the bod. Can cross placenta

Question 24

what is IgM

Answer 24

attached to B cell or in blood. Early stage immunity

Question 25

what are the 3 types of abnormal immune responses

Answer 25

1) Hypersensitivy
2) Immunodeficiency
3) Autoimmunity