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πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ > Neurohormones > Flashcards

Neurohormones Flashcards

1
Q

How are neurohormones released?

A

β†’ DIrectly in the blood circulation

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2
Q

What is point to point communication like?

A

β†’ Fast and restricted

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3
Q

What are the secretory hypothalamus neurons like?

A

β†’ Slow but widespread

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4
Q

What are networks of interconnected neurons of the autonomic nervous system like?

A

β†’ Fast

β†’ widespread influence

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5
Q

What are diffuse modulatory systems like?

A

β†’ Slower and widespread

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6
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

β†’ Mediators travel within blood vessels
β†’ utilises chemical mediators
β†’ slow communication
β†’ long lasting effects

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7
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the nervous system?

A

β†’ Signalling along nerve fibres
β†’ Transmission of electrical impulses
β†’ fast communication
β†’effects are short acting

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8
Q

What are neurohormones produced by?

A

β†’ specialised nerve cells called neurosecretory cells

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9
Q

What can neurohormones act like?

A

β†’ Neurotransmitters

β†’ autocrine or paracrine messengers

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A

β†’ Protein and peptide
β†’ amino acid derivatives
β†’ steroid hormones

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11
Q

What are the 4 features of protein and peptide hormones?

A

β†’ Vary considerably in size
β†’ Can be synthesised as large precursors prior to secretion
β†’ post translationally modified
β†’ can have multiple subunits synthesized independently and assembled

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12
Q

What are 2 features of amino acid derivative neurohormones?

A

β†’ Mostly tyrosine derived

β†’ Neurotransmitter that can also act as a hormon

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13
Q

What are 3 examples of amino acid derivative neurohormones?

A

β†’ adrenaline
β†’ noradrenaline
β†’ dopamine

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14
Q

Where are steroid hormones derived from?

A

β†’ Class of lipids derived from cholesterol

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15
Q

What are 5 examples of steroid neurohormones?

A 
β†’ Cortisol
β†’ Aldosterone
β†’ testosterone
β†’ progesterone
β†’ estradiol
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16
Q

What is the base of the brain called?

A

β†’ Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamus connected to?

A

β†’ pituitary

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18
Q

Where do magnocellular neurons project to?

A

β†’ posterior pituitary

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19
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

β†’ Vasopressin

β†’ oxytocin

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20
Q

Where are neurohormones released in the anterior pituitary?

A

β†’ Portal system

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21
Q

What time frame are circadian rhythms?

A

β†’ 24 hour cycle

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22
Q

What time frame are pulsatile rhythms?

A

β†’ less than 24 hours

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23
Q

What time frame are infradian rhythms?

A

β†’ longer than 24 hours

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24
Q

What is an example of hormones that follow the circadian cycle?

A

β†’ Cortisol
β†’ GH
β†’ PRL

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25
Q

What is an example of a hormone that follows pulsatile cycles?

A

β†’ Gonadotrophins

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26
Q

What is an example of an infradian rhythm?

A

β†’ Menstrual cycle

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27
Q

Where is the pituitary?

A

β†’ Sella turcica

β†’ in the sphenoid bone

28
Q

Where are hypothalamic hormones secreted?

A

β†’ portal vein system

β†’ at the median eminence

29
Q

Describe the pathway of gonadotrophin releasing hormone?

A

β†’ neurons release GnRH
β†’ transported to the anterior hypothalamus and acts on receptors
β†’ Induces release of FSH and LH

30
Q

Describe the pathway of growth hormone?

A

β†’ Growth hormone releasing hormone is transported to the anterior pituitary
β†’induces release of growth hormone

31
Q

Describe the pathway of CRH?

A

β†’ Corticotropin releasing hormone is a peptide released to the capillary system
β†’ it gets transported to the anterior pituitary
β†’ this releases ACTH and acts on the adrenal cortex
β†’ induces the release of cortisol

32
Q

Describe the pathway of thyrotropin releasing hormone?

A

β†’ thyrotropin releasing hormone is delivered to the anterior pituitary
β†’ causes the release of TSH
β†’ TSH acts on the thyroid and induces the release of thyroxine

33
Q

Describe the pathway of vasopressin?

A

β†’ Magnocellular neurons release vasopressin in the posterior pituitary
β†’ Vasopressin acts on the kidney and has an anti-diuretic effect

34
Q

Describe the pathway of oxytocin?

A

β†’ Magnocellular neurons release oxytocin in the posterior pituitary
β†’ oxytocin acts on the uterus to induce uterine contraction
β†’ oxytocin acts on mammary glands to induce milk ejection

35
Q

Describe the ACTH axis to release cortisol?

A

β†’ Stress activates the HPA axis
β†’ Stress activates the hypothalamus to release corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
β†’This acts on receptors in the anterior pituitary which releases ACTH
β†’ ACTH is released in the blood
β†’ ACTH acts on receptors in the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

36
Q

What is the effect of ACTH?

A

β†’ Mobilises energy for fight or flight

37
Q

Describe how cortisol release is terminated?

A

β†’ Cortisol induces a negative feedback effect

β†’ It acts on cortisol receptors in the pituitary or in the hypothalamus to inhibit CRH or ACTH

38
Q

What happens to the HPA axis during chronic stress?

A

β†’ Cortisol levels are increased
β†’ Hypersensitivity of the axis leads to high levels of basal cortisol
β†’ Depression and anxiety related disorders

39
Q

Describe the TSH axis?

A

β†’ Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH
β†’ TSH acts on the thyroid to increase T4/T3 secretion
β†’Thyroxine exerts negative feedback on the pituitary receptors

40
Q

What is the most potent thyroid hormone?

A

β†’ T3

41
Q

What is the effect of TSH?

A

β†’ Targets tissues containing a deiodinase enzyme to convert T4 to T3

42
Q

What does hyperthyroidism lead to?

A

β†’ Anxiety

43
Q

What does hypothyroidism lead to?

A

β†’ Cognitive impairments such as apathy

44
Q

Where is prolactin released from?

A

β†’ Lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary

45
Q

What is the relationship between dopamine and prolactin?

A

β†’ Dopamine is released into the bloodstream and inhibits prolactin release

46
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized in?

A

β†’ Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus

47
Q

What is the difference between vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

β†’ 2 peptides

48
Q

What is vasopressin release stimulated by?

A

β†’ Changes in the activity of the osmoreceptor complex in the hypothalamus

49
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

β†’ Controls plasma osmolality by regulating water excretion

β†’ Stimulates vascular smooth muscle contraction in the DCT to reduce water loss and raise blood pressure

50
Q

When is oxytocin elevated?

A

β†’ Parturition
β†’ Lactation
β†’ Mating

51
Q

What is oxytocin released in stimulus to?

A

β†’ Peripheral stimuli of cervical stretch receptors and suckling at the breast

52
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

β†’ Regulates contraction of smooth muscle
β†’ uterus during labour
β†’ contraction of vas deferens during ejaculation

53
Q

Describe the RAAS system

A

β†’ Kidneys release renin
β†’ Renin cleaves angiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I
β†’ Angiotensin I β†’ angiotensin II in the lungs
β†’ Angiotensin II constricts vessels
β†’ It acts on the subfornical organ which gives the signal to release vasopressin from the pituitary
β†’ blood pressure increases

54
Q

Describe the role of oxytocin during childbirth

A

β†’ During labour the baby starts pushing on the uterus which stretches
β†’ There is stimulation of neurons that signal the magnocellular neurons to release oxytocin
β†’ Oxytocin acts on its receptors in the uterus to cause contractions
β†’ Baby moves forward which causes stretching
β†’ stretching causes further oxytocin release which is +ve feedback

55
Q

What makes voles monogamous?

A

β†’ High levels of oxytocin in the reward centres of the brain

56
Q

What does oxytocin deficiency lead to?

A

β†’ Antisocial behaviour

57
Q

What stimuli activate the RAAS system?

A

β†’ dehydration

β†’ low blood pressure due to blood loss

58
Q

What are the 4 receptor mechanisms?

A

β†’ Dimerisation pathway
β†’ G protein/adenylate cyclase pathway
β†’ DAG/IP3 pathway
β†’ Nuclear and steroid pathways

59
Q

How does the dimerisation pathway work?

A

β†’ Binding of insulin and growth hormone to cell surface receptors leads to dimerisation of receptors
β†’ this recruits tyrosine kinases which phosphorylates target proteins and induces biological responses

60
Q

How does the G protein pathway work?

A

β†’ binding of a hormone to GPCR results in conformational changes in the receptor
β†’ leading to GTP exchange for GDP and activation of adenylate cyclse
β†’Stimulation of adenylate cyclase leads to an increase in cAMP
β†’ cAMP activates PKA which phosphorylates target proteins to initiate gene expression

61
Q

What 3 hormones use G proteins?

A

β†’ TSH and ACTH

β†’ Oxytocin is Gq coupled

62
Q

How does the DAG/IP3 pathway work?

A

β†’ Oxytocin binds to GCPRS
β†’ stimulates phospholipase C
β†’ PIP2 β†’ IP3 and DAG
β†’ IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release from intracellular stores
β†’ DAG activates PKC
β†’ PKC stimulates the phosphorylation of proteins and alter enzyme activities to initiate a biological response

63
Q

How do nuclear and steroid pathways work?

A

β†’ Steroid hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm
β†’ The receptors function as hormone regulated transcription factors controlling gene expression

64
Q

What do nuclear receptors share?

A

β†’ Transcriptional activation domain
β†’ Zn2+ finger DNA binding domain
β†’ Ligand binding domain

65
Q

What are the 6 effects of a pituitary adenoma?

A 
β†’ loss of visual field (pressure on optic nerve) 
β†’ too much GH (acromegaly) 
β†’ Hypogonadism and infertility 
β†’ Hypopituitarism 
β†’ Hyperprolactinemia 
β†’ Cushing syndrome (too much ACTH)
66
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

β†’ cold hands
β†’ cold feet
β†’ lack of energy

πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’ 𝟸 : πš—πšŽπšžπš›πš˜πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ (21 decks)

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