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Biochem > Unit 9 Biosignaling And Vitamins > Flashcards

Unit 9 Biosignaling And Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Example of endocrine

A

Insulin and glucagon

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2
Q

Lipid soluble hormones fast or slow acting

A

Slow acting

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3
Q

Coenzyme of ascorbate

A

Collagen hydroxylation

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4
Q

Type of hormone of glucagon

A

Peptide of 29 amino acids

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5
Q

Glucagon increases degradation of

A

Glycogen and fat

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6
Q

Epinephrine increases O2 in tissues and causes increase in

A

Heart rate, blood pressure and vasodilation

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7
Q

Types of cells affected by autocrine hormones

A

Affect cell where they are produced

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8
Q

Examples of biologically active lipids

A

Eicosanoids, steroid hormones, and lipid soluble vitamins

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9
Q

What is the repeating unit of vitamin E

A

Tocopherols

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10
Q

How do autocrine hormones work

A

Bind to surface receptors

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11
Q

Water soluble hormones fast or slow acting

A

Fast

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12
Q

What vitamin like molecule is involved in acetylcholine synthesis

A

Choline

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13
Q

How do cell surface receptors work

A

Peptide or amine hormone binds to receptor on the outside of the cell and acts through receptor without entering the cell

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14
Q

What are the specific regions on the DNA which bind to hormone receptor complexes called

A

glucocorticoid response element (GRE)

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15
Q

Binding of insulin to insulin receptors initiates a cascade of events that leads to

A

Increased glucose uptake and metabolism

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16
Q

Site iodination on thyroglobulin of thyroid hormone

A

Follicular cells

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17
Q

Precursor molecule of insulin

A

Preproinsulin, proinsulin, insulin

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18
Q

Hormone which helps vitamin D in regulating blood calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone

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19
Q

Site of action of vitamin D

A

Bones, intestine and kidney

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20
Q

Mode of action of vitamin D

A

Nuclear receptors

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21
Q

How do voltage ion gates work

A

Na+ open channel due to propagation of nerve impulse, causes Ca2+ channel to open and release acetylcholine, acetylcholine opens ligand gated ion channels through ionic receptors

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22
Q

Form of Vitamin A is present in visual pigment or rhodopsin

A

11-cis retinal

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23
Q

Reaction of pantothenate

A

Adulation as acyl carrier

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24
Q

Examples of cell surface receptors

A

Peptide ( insulin and glucagon), catecholamine (epinephrine) and eicosanoid (PGE1)

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25
Q

Plant source of vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone

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26
Q

Mechanism of endocrine hormones

A

Released into blood

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27
Q

Active form of vitamin E

A

Alpha-tocopherols

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28
Q

Site of first hydroxylation of vitamin D/ cholecalciferol

A

Liver

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29
Q

What is the name of the receptor involved in the generation of cGMP

A

Guanylate cyclase

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30
Q

Precursor molecules of epinephrine

A

Tyrosine, L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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31
Q

Type of molecules are grouped as provitamin A

A

Carotenoids or retinoids

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32
Q

Type of hormone of epinephrine

A

Catecholamine

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33
Q

Precursor molecule of Vitamin D

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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34
Q

How does paracrine hormones work

A

Released into extracellular space

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35
Q

Blood levels of insulin vs glucagon after a meal

A

Insulin increases while glucagon decreases

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36
Q

What are the three types of classification of mammalian hormones

A

Paracrine, endocrine and autocrine

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37
Q

What amino acid is critical for acetylcholine synthesis

A

Serine

38
Q

What are ionotropic receptors

A

Ion channels

39
Q

Examples of autocrine hormones

A

Stem cells

40
Q

Example of nuclear receptors

A

Steroid (testosterone), Vitamin D (calcitriol), retinoid (retinoate), thyroid (triiodothyronine)

41
Q

Glucagon targets what cells

A

Liver mostly

42
Q

Water soluble hormones operate through

A

Second messengers

43
Q

How do nuclear receptors work

A

Steroid or thyroid hormone enters the cell and hormone receptor complex acts on the nucleus and regulates genes

44
Q

Sites of synthesis of vitamin d

A

Skin

45
Q

Site of synthesis of glucagon

A

Alpha cells of pancreas during fasting

46
Q

What are metabotropic receptors

A

Hormone receptor (cell surface receptor) interaction generates second messengers

47
Q

Reaction of ascorbate

A

Antioxidant

48
Q

Which is the storage form of vitamin A

A

Retinol/ retinyl esters

49
Q

What types of cells that are affected by paracrine

A

Neighboring target

50
Q

Why type of hormone is insulin

A

Peptide of 51 amino acids

51
Q

Biologically active lipids are present in what amount compared to storage or structural lipids

A

Smaller amounts

52
Q

Epinephrine is synthesized by

A

Adrenal glands during stress such as exercise or starvation

53
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

Mineral homeostasis, regulates calcium levels and phosphorous balance, reduces kidney excretion of calcium, regulates calcium deposition in bones, gene regulation

54
Q

Role as antioxidant of vitamin e

A

Protect double bonds in unsaturated fats. Prevents free radical formation by acting as electron donor, removes peroxide’s during oxidation of PUFAs

55
Q

Name of enzyme which generates NO

A

Cytosolic NO synthase

56
Q

Deficiency of thyroid hormone leads to

A

Hypothyroidism

57
Q

Epinephrine decreases synthesis of

A

Cholesterol, fat and glycogen

58
Q

Second hydroxylation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D)

A

Kidney

59
Q

How does indirect signaling work

A

Secret chemicals

60
Q

How are water soluble hormones transported

A

In free form in blood

61
Q

Insulin increases uptake of glucose in what organs

A

Muscles, adipose tissue and liver

62
Q

Mode of action of NO

A

Cytosolic receptor

63
Q

What cells will produce and release glucose

A

Hepatocytes

64
Q

Form of Vitamin A binds to the retinoid receptor and induces differentiation of epithelial cells

A

Retinoic acid

65
Q

What are the three ways of cellular communication

A

Indirect signaling, direct signaling with plasma bound molecules and gap junctions

66
Q

Animal source of vitamin K

A

Menaquinone

67
Q

Type of cell affected by endocrine hormones

A

Carried to target cells

68
Q

Circulating form of thyroid hormone

A

T4/ thyroxine

69
Q

Where does insulin target

A

Cells of liver, muscle or fat tissue cells

70
Q

Example of paracrine hormone

A

Eicosanoids

71
Q

Biologically active lipids play vital roles in

A

Signaling molecules between nearby cells

72
Q

Glucagon is stimulated by

A

Low blood glucose

73
Q

What is the 2 carbon molecule involved in acetylcholine synthesis

A

Phosphoatidylcholine

74
Q

Coenzyme of pantothenate

A

CoA and ACP

75
Q

Amino acid precursor of nitric oxide

A

Arginine

76
Q

Form of Vitamin D in circulation

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D

77
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are transported how

A

In blood bound proteins

78
Q

Epinephrine increases degradation of

A

Glycogen and fat

79
Q

Mode of action of insulin

A

Plasma membrane receptors, second messenger

80
Q

Function forms of Vitamin A

A

Retinoids acid and retinal

81
Q

Precursor molecules of glucagon

A

Proglucagon, glucagon

82
Q

More active form of thyroid hormone

A

T3/ triiodothyronine

83
Q

Insulin causes increase synthesis of

A

Glycogen, fat, cholesterol and protein

84
Q

Site of synthesis of insulin

A

Beta cells of pancreas during fed state

85
Q

Lipid soluble hormones bind to

A

Nuclear receptors

86
Q

Glucagon will decrease synthesis of

A

Cholesterol, fat and glycogen

87
Q

Site of synthesis of thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid glands

88
Q

Lipid soluble hormones operates through

A

Gene regulation

89
Q

Water soluble hormones bind to

A

Plasma membrane receptors

90
Q

Example of cytosolic receptor

A

Nitric oxide

91
Q

Form of vitamin D in active form

A

1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Biochem (7 decks)

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