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early modern world > Week 1- Early Modern Worlds > Flashcards

Week 1- Early Modern Worlds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main criticism of ‘early modern world’?

A
  • What time period are we referring to? (Does this start with the emergence of the printing press in 1440’s?Or with the rise of the Muslim Empires? Or 1510 Reformation
  • Eurocentric (European perspective)
  • Anochronistic
  • What does modernity mean?
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2
Q

What was the silk road?

A
  • Land route which connected East Asia and Southeast Asia with South Asia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Southern Europe.
  • Central to the economic, political, cultural and religious interactions between the east and west in the years 2BCE- c.18
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3
Q

What does the term eurocentrism mean?

A

-A worldview centred on or biased towards Western Civilisation

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4
Q

What does Peter Burke say is contentious about the concept ‘early modern’?

A

-when applying this term to the whole world there are different points in time which can be argued to constitute the start of the period (rise of the three ‘gunpowder empires’ of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals around 1500, African historians prefer 1600, East Asia fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644 seen as starting point whereas in Japan term associated with the Tokugawa period (1603-1867)

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5
Q

When did the Ming Dynasty start and end and why was it important?

A
  • 1368 to 1644

- structures established during the dynasty last for centuries after

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6
Q

What does Confucianism mean and how does this relate to the Ming Dynasty?

A
  • system of social and ethical philosophy rather than a religion. Built on ancient religious foundation to establish the social values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of traditional Chinese society
  • Exams were taken by inhabitants of the Ming Dynasty which were based on the Confucian classics, with the most successful candidates getting jobs in the civil service
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7
Q

What were the three distinctive characteristics of the Ming Dynasty?

A
  • centralized government
  • bureaucratic government
  • Largest unified country in the world when it was founded
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8
Q

What were the two different African Empires that existed at the start of the 1500’s?

A
  • Mali Empire (13 to 16th century)

- Ethiopian Empire (1270 to 1975)

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9
Q

Who was the most famous leader of the Mali Empire?

A

Mansa Musa (c.1280 - c.1337) who is believed to be one of the most wealthiest men in history

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10
Q

What are the names of the three Islamic Empires at the start of the period and when did they form and end?

A
  • Ottoman Empire (14th- 1922)
  • Safavid Empire (1501- 1736)
  • Mughal Empire (1526 - 1707)
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11
Q

When was the height of the Ottoman Empire?

A

1683

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12
Q

When did Constantinople fall and who was the leader of the Ottomans when this happened?

A
  • fell in 1453

- Sultan Mehmed II

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13
Q

What was the capital of the Safavid Empire and how many inhabitants did it have?

A
  • Isfahan

- 1 million people

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14
Q

Who was the founder of the Safavid Empire?

A

Shah Ismail I

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15
Q

What are the two main features of the Safavid Empire?

A
  • Perfectly positioned to benefit from trade from the east and the west
  • Persian military state which dominated the region for 2 centuries and initiated one of Persia’s golden age
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16
Q

Who founded the Mughal Empire?

A

Babur

17
Q

What was the name of one of the Mughal leaders who annexed all of northern and central India and what was his other main policy?

A
  • Akbar ‘the Great’

- Tolerant to other religions which allowed their to be religious harmony

18
Q

What year was the concept ‘early modern’ first used?

A

1940s

19
Q

In what years did the Roman Empire fall?

A
  • 476AD Western Roman Empire Falls

- 1453AD Eastern Roman Empire Falls

20
Q

What year were the Muslims cast out of Spain?

A

1502

21
Q

What year was Tenochtitlán founded?

A

1325

22
Q

What are the main facts about the Aztecs?

A
  • arrived in Meso-America in the c.12
  • Empire of 400-500 small states with inhabitants of around 5-6 million
  • Tenochtitlán was 5 square miles and had 140,000 inhabitants
23
Q

What does Peter Burke say is contentious with the concept ‘early modern’ and what are the different arguments?

A
  • When does the period start? (When Colombus discovers America in 1492?, with the emergence of the three Islamic ‘gunpowder empires’ around the 1500s (Safavids, Mughals, Ottomans)?, or the Black Death in 1350s?
  • In Asia does it start in China with the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644? Or the Tokugawa period (1600-1868)
24
Q

What does Peter Burke say is the problem of comparison of societies in the early modern period?

A
  • Distant comparison between countries can lead to Eurocentrism as comparing what these countries don’t have compared to the west (such as rationality, individualism, capitalism)
  • Problem of lack of comparison such as Norbert Elias’s theory of the ‘Civilising Process’. This was the theory that social pressures across Europe was leading to increased self-control (centralisation of government). Elias didn’t mention any country outside of Europe even though they were also experiencing similar pressures.
25
Q

What does Jack Goldstone say is the sociological meaning of the term “modern”?

A

-society where religion is a choice and not forced upon people, and where belief in science has overtaken belief in spirits and miracles, where consumer goods are produced on a mass scale and powered by fossil fuels/electricity

26
Q

What does Goldstone say that the term “Early Modern” derives from?

A

-sociological theory that privileges modes of production in characterising and powering history

27
Q

What does the sociological term “Early Modern” not take into account?

A
  • rise and fall of major political units

- changes in regimes or dominant cultures

28
Q

What is the first problem Goldstone highlights with using mode of production (feudalism to capitalism) as explaining the term “early modern”?

A
  • lots of evidence of capitalist like system in many non-European countries in varying points in time prior to 1500-1800
  • e.g. thirteenth century China, 18th century Japan and in Ancient Egypt
  • word looses meaning
29
Q

What is the second problem Goldstone highlights with using mode of production (feudalism to capitalism) as explaining the term “early modern”

A

-suggests that over a large portion of world societies shared some key elements of “modern” society and were actively in transition to modernity but this isn’t true

30
Q

What does anachronistic mean?

A

belonging to a period other than that being portrayed

early modern world (6 decks)

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