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STEM 9 Biology > 1st Semesters Finals > Flashcards

1st Semesters Finals Flashcards

1
Q

What is observation

A

The process of gathering info about events or processes in a carefu” orderly way

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2
Q

Data is …

A

The info gathered from observation

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3
Q

What is inference

A

A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

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4
Q

Hypothesis is

A

A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

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5
Q

What is an ideal controlled experiment

A

1 variable changed at a time. All other variables kept unchanged

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6
Q

Manipulated variable

A

Variable that is deliberately changed

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7
Q

Responding variable

A

The variable that is observed and changes in response to the manipulated variable

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8
Q

Theory

A

Well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

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9
Q

What is a cell

A

The smallest unit capable of all life functions

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10
Q

2 types of reproduction

A

Sexual and asexual

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11
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment

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12
Q

The largest level of biological study is….

A

The biosphere

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13
Q

What are microscopes

A

A device that produces and magnifies structures of images too small to see with the naked eye

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14
Q

A laboratory technique in which cells are separated into cell parts

A

Cell fractionation

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15
Q

What are the two main types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent and ionic

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16
Q

What does the elements atomic number represents

A

Number of protons

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17
Q

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as…….

A

Isotopes

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18
Q

Why all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties

A

Because they have the same number of electrons

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19
Q

What holds atoms in a compound together

A

Chemical bonds

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20
Q

What is an ion

A

A Positively/negatively charged particle

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21
Q

The structure that results when at atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called…

A

Molecule

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22
Q

The slight attractions that develops between oppositely charged regions of the nearby molecules are called

A

Van der waals forces

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23
Q

Is a water molecule neutral

A

Yes

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24
Q

Why is a water molecule polar

A

The charges are unevenly distributed

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25
Q

Cohesion

A

Substance sticking to itself

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26
Q

Adhesion

A

Substances sticking to other substance

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27
Q

What is the greatest solvent in the world

A

Water

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28
Q

What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length

A

They can bind with themselves(other carbon)

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29
Q

Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as

A

Macromolecules

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30
Q

What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

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31
Q

What atoms make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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32
Q

What are starches and sugars examples of

A

Carbohydrates

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33
Q

Single sugar molecules are also called

A

A saccharide

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34
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Many sugars

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35
Q

How do plants and animals store excess sugars

A

Starch

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36
Q

What kinds of atoms are lipids mostly made of

A

Carbon and hydrogen atoms

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37
Q

What are 3 common categories of lipids

A

Fats, waxes, and oils

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38
Q

Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called

A

Fatty acids

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39
Q

3 ways fats are used in living things

A

As parts of biological membranes
To store energy
As a chemical messenger

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40
Q

Saturated lipid

A

Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another atom by a single bond

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41
Q

Unsaturated

A

There is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid

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42
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

A lipids fatty acids contain more than one double bond

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43
Q

Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms

A

Hydrogen nitrogen oxygen carbon phosphorus

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44
Q

monomers that make up nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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45
Q

A nucleotide contains what 3 parts

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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46
Q

Function of nucleic acids in living things

A

Store and transmit hereditary or genetic info

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47
Q

2 kinds of nucleic acids

A

RNA DNA

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48
Q

Proteins contain what kinds of atoms

A

Nitrogen carbon hydrogen oxygen

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49
Q

Proteins are polymers of molecules called

A

Amino acids

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50
Q

4 roles that proteins play in living things

A

Control the rate of reaction’s, regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substances into/out of cells or helps to fight diseases

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51
Q

What is a chemical reaction

A

A process that changes one set of chemical reactants into a set of chemical products

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52
Q

Chemical reactions always involve changes in chemical…

A

Chemical bonds

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53
Q

What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken

A

Energy

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54
Q

Chemist called the energy needed to get a reaction started…

A

Activation energy

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55
Q

What is the catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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56
Q

Proteins the actors biological catalysts are called

A

Enzymes

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57
Q

The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reaction’s are known as…

A

Substrate

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58
Q

The binding together of an enzyme in the substrate forms…

A

Enzyme catalyzed reaction

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59
Q

What is ecology

A

The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

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60
Q

What does the biosphere contain

A

Land water air/atmosphere

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61
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms so similar to one another they can breed together and produce fertile offspring

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62
Q

Population

A

The group of individuals that belong to the same species that live in the same area

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63
Q

Community

A

Collection of different populations that live together in an area

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64
Q

Ecosystem

A

Includes all organisms that live in a particular place together with their physical environment

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65
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

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66
Q

What is the highest level of organization the ecologist study

A

Biosphere

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67
Q

What are the three basic approaches scientist use to conduct modern ecological research

A

Observing experimenting and modeling

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68
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Like producers organisms that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food

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69
Q

What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis

A

They use light energy to make food

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70
Q

What is chemo synthesis

A

Process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

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71
Q

Heterotrophs are also called

A

Consumers

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72
Q

Plant and animal remains and other dead matter or collectively called

A

Detritivores

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73
Q

How does energy flow through an ecosystem

A

One direction; flows from sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs

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74
Q

Food chain

A

Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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75
Q

Food web

A

Links together all food chains in ecosystem

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76
Q

What is the trophic level

A

Each step in a food chain/web

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77
Q

What does the consumer in the food chain depend on for energy

A

The trophic level below it/producers

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78
Q

What is an ecological pyramid

A

Diagram that shows relative amounts of energy or matter passed on to each trophic level

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79
Q

Why is it the only part of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level

A

Because the biomass decreases

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80
Q

What is biomass

A

Total amount of living tissue

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81
Q

What are four elements that make up over 95% of the body in most organisms

A

Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen

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82
Q

How is the movement of matter through the biosphere different from the flow of energy

A

Matter unlike energy is recycled within and between ecosystems

83
Q

Matter moves through an ecosystem in…

A

Bio geochemical cycles

84
Q

What do bio geochemical cycles connects

A

Biological geological and chemical aspects of the biosphere

85
Q

Water can enter the atmosphere by vibrating from the leaves of plants in the process of…

A

Transpiration

86
Q

What are three nutrient cycles that place specially prominent roles in the biosphere

A

Carbon nitrogen and phosphorus

87
Q

In what process do plants use carbon dioxide

A

Photosynthesis

88
Q

What is nitrogen fixation

A

Certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia

89
Q

What is dentrification

A

Other bacteria convert nitrogen compounds/nitrates back into nitrogen gas

90
Q

Why is phosphorus essential to living things

A

Phosphorus is needed for molecules such as DNA and RNA

91
Q

What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem

A

The rate at which organic matter is created by producers

92
Q

When is the substance called a limiting nutrient

A

When an ecosystem is limited by single nutrient that his scarce or cycles very slowly

93
Q

Why do algal blooms occur

A

A sudden increase in the number of algae

94
Q

How is the weather different from climate

A

Weather is caused by certain time or place, climate is the average yearly condition

95
Q

What factors cause climate

A

Latitude winds ocean currents in shape/height of landmasses

96
Q

What is the worlds insulating blanket

A

The atmosphere

97
Q

Why does solar radiation strike on different parts of earths surface an angle that varies throughout the year

A

Because of differences in latitude

98
Q

What force drives winds and ocean currents

A

Unequal heating

99
Q

Polar climate zone

A

Areas around north and south poles

Cold areas

100
Q

Temperate climate zone

A

Between the polar zones and the tropics

Ranges from hot to cold depending on season

101
Q

Tropical climate zone

A

Near the equator

Almost always warm

102
Q

Lipids are mostly made of what atoms

A

Carbon and hydrogen atoms

103
Q

H2O2

A

Hydrogen peroxide

104
Q

What was the purpose of adding liver to “used” H2O2

A

To show that energy is not used up in a chemical reaction because a chemical reaction still took place

105
Q

The 3 elements that make up over 90% of organic molecules are

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

106
Q

What are subunits

A

Also known as monomers

107
Q

Subunit of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

108
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Organisms whose cells lack nuclei

Ex. Bacteria

109
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Organisms whose cells contain nuclei
Contain organelles

Ex. Plants animals(humans) fungi protist

110
Q

5 requirements to be considered a living thing

A 
Are made of 1+ cells
Need energy to stay alive
Respond to stimuli in their environment 
Grow and reproduce 
Maintain a stable internal environment
111
Q

Plant vs animal cell

A

Plant cells have a cell wall

Plant cells have chloroplasts plant cells have a vacuole

112
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates what enters/leaves the cell and provides protection/support

113
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

114
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modify, sort, and package proteins and other material from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell

115
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Capture energy from Sunlight and convert it into chemical energy

116
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm

117
Q

ER

A

Internal membrane system

118
Q

Cell wall

A

Strong supporting layer around the membrane

119
Q

Virus

A

A biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts

120
Q

Why’s are viruses considered neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

The lack the characteristics of living things except the ability to replicate(only accomplished in living cells)

121
Q

Osmosis vs diffusion

A

Diffusion is from high to low concentration and osmosis is form low to high concentration

122
Q

Types of active transport include

A

Endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis

123
Q

What Happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution

A

The blood cell will burst because of high solute concentration in cell and low solute concentration in solution

124
Q

What happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution

A

Cell will shrink because of low solute concentration in cell and high solute concentration in solution

125
Q

How did Frederick Griffith contribute to the science of DNA

A

Learned that some factor from the disease causing bacteria turned harmless bacteria into disease causing ones
He called this process “transformation”

126
Q

How did Oswald Avery contributes to the science of DNA

A

Found that DNA was the transforming factor in transformation

127
Q

How did Alfred Hershey and Martha chase contribute to the science of DNA

A

They should genes are made of DNA

128
Q

How did James Watson and Francis Crick contribute to the science of DNA

A

They discovered the DNA is shaped like a double helix

129
Q

How did Franklin contribute to the science of DNA

A

She is best known for her work on the x-ray diffraction images of DNA which “led” to the discovery of the DNA double helix

130
Q

Describe in as much detail as possible the structure of DNA

A

Do you need shaped like a double helix or twisted ladder and which two strands or wound around each other
The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between Adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. The sugar phosphate backbone makes up the sides of the ladder

131
Q

DNA replication

A

When before a cell divides it copies its DNA

132
Q

The three steps of DNA replication including the names of the enzymes

A

Initiation
Enzymes know as the helicase unwind the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
Elongation
DNA polymerase controls elongation which only occurs in the leading direction. The lagging strand unwinds in small sections that DNA polymerase replicates in the leading direction
Termination
Do you know polymerase replaces RNA primers of DNA in ligase fills in the gap

133
Q

How are the leading and lagging strand made during DNA replication

A

When replication begins the two parent DNA strands are separated. One of these is called the leading strand and it is replicated continuously in the direction. The other strand is the lagging strand and it is replicated discontinuously in short sections

134
Q

What is the end product of DNA replication

A

To DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides

135
Q

DNA vs rna

A

Do you know is a double stranded molecule while RNA is a single-stranded molecule
DNA uses Thymine and RNA uses Uracil
DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose sugar

136
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Process for biological sells generate new proteins. It involves amino acid synthesis transcription and translation. Process of creating protein molecules

137
Q

Transcription

A

Process where RNA is copied from DNA

138
Q

Translation

A

Process in which genetic code in RNA is used to make proteins

139
Q

Codon

A

Group of three nucleotides

140
Q

How many amino acids exist in nature

A

22 amino acids are naturally incorporated into poly peptides and are called natural amino acids

141
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide

A

Consists of nitrogenous bases phosphate group and five carbon sugar

142
Q

What is mutation

A

Changes in the sequence of DNA

143
Q

Name the four spheres living systems are made up of

A

Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere

144
Q

Habitat

A

A place where the organism can find its food shelter protection and mates for reproduction

145
Q

Photosynthesis versus chemosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is powered by sunlight while chemosynthesis runs on chemical energy

146
Q

Different types of heterotrophs

A

Herbivores carnivores and omnivores

147
Q

Ecological succession

A

The process of change in a species structure of an ecological community overtime

148
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Process by which radiation from the planets atmosphere warms the planet surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere

149
Q

Major community interactions in ecosystems

A

Predation competition and symbiosis

150
Q

Temperate forest

A

Has soils rich in humus which forms from the king leaves and make soil fertile

151
Q

Tundra

A

Characterized by permafrost a layer of permanently frozen subsoil’s

152
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

Has a canopy which consist of toll trees forming a covering and an under story which consist of shorter trees and vines

153
Q

Desert biome

A

Soils are rich in minerals but poor in organic material
Cactus and other succulents ate dominant plants
Less than 25cm of rain per year

154
Q

Tropical savannas

A

Another name is grasslands
Savannas are found in large parts of Eastern Africa
Periodic fires and heavy grazing buy large herbivores maintain the characteristic plant community

155
Q

Boreal forest

A

Dominant plans include Spruce and fir

Dominant wildlife include moose and other large herbivores

156
Q

Polar regions

A

Cold year-round
Plants include mosses and lichens
Dominic animals include polar bears seals insects and mites

157
Q

Freshwater ecosystems

A

Two main types of rivers and streams

158
Q

What is a wetland

A

And ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or his present at or near the surface of the soil at least part of the year

159
Q

Three main types of freshwater wetlands

A

Bogs marshes and swamps

160
Q

Photic zone

A

Well lit upper layer of water where photosynthesis can occur

161
Q

Aphotic zone

A

Permanently dark zone below the photic zone

162
Q

Three mean vertical divisions of the ocean based on the depth and distance from the shore

A

Intertidal zone
Coastal zone
Open ocean

163
Q

Tolerance range

A

The ability of organisms to survive and reproduce under less than optimal conditions is

164
Q

What are plants

A

They provide the base for food chains on land
Multicellular organisms with cell walls made of cellulose
Make their own food in the process of photosynthesis

165
Q

What makes a plant life cycle unique

A 
Plant life cycles of two phase is the alternate this is known as alteration of generations
A diploid (2N) phase called a sporophyte alternates with the haploid(N) phase called the gametophyte
166
Q

Follow evolution of plants from earliest types to modern

A

Early land plants evolved from an organism that was like the multicellular green algae living today. Early plants adapted to a dry habitat several major groups of plants evolved bonus divide modern plants into four groups based on water connected tissues seeds and flowers

167
Q

Bryophytes

A

Mosses liverworts and hornworts belong to this group
Don’t have tubes to move water and nutrients through the plant don’t have true leaves stems and roots(instead have rhizoids)

168
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Ferns and their relatives belong in this group

First plants to have vascular tissues that carry water and food throughout a plant

169
Q

Seed plants

A

Divided into two groups called gymnosperms and angiosperms

170
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Cone bearing plants

produce seeds directly on the surface of cones

171
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

produce seeds inside of tissue that protects them

172
Q

Name the specialized tissue in plants

A

Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Meristematic tissue

173
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Like the skin of a plant
it protects the plant and prevents water loss
made up of epidermal cells of different shapes and functions

174
Q

Vascular tissue

A

With water and nutrients throughout the plan

consists of xylem tissue and phloem tissue

175
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Moves water made up of two kinds of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements

176
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Moves sugar

consist of sieve tube elements and companion cells

177
Q

Ground tissue

A

Made up of all the cells that line between dermal and vascular tissue made up of mostly parenchyma cells and some collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells

178
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Have been walls and function in photosynthesis and storage

179
Q

Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells

A

These cells have thick walls that help support the plant

180
Q

Roots

A

Have two functions
Anchor plant in the ground
Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
Made it from the four tissue systems

181
Q

Taproots

A

Primary root grows long and thick secondary root stay small

182
Q

Fibrous roots

A

Secondary roots grow and branch

183
Q

Root pressure

A

Forces water upward through the xylem toward the stem
Happens once water and nutrients move inward through the cortex into the vascular cylinder where the water can’t leave which causes pressure to build up

184
Q

Stem functions

A

Produce leaves branches and flowers

185
Q

Monocots

A

Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the system

there is only one seed

186
Q

Dicots

A

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring have two seeds

187
Q

Leaf functions

A

Main organs of photosynthesis
Have a structure that enables them to absorb light and make food
Have adoption to prevent water loss when they exchange gases with air around them

188
Q

Stomata

A

Small opening where they allow air

189
Q

Capillary action

A

Where water is pulled up through the xylem with cohesion and moves upward with adhesion

190
Q

Transpiration

A

When water moves from areas where there’s plenty of water to areas where there’s a little water when water evaporates from leaves water is drawn upwards from the roots to replace it

191
Q

What does the phloem do in the transport in plants

A

Transports the sugars made in photosynthesis from the leaves into the stems and roots
the food is then either used or stored

192
Q

Pressure flow hypothesis

A

Scientist use this to explain how phloem transport happens

Hypothesis says that sugars move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

193
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Type of lifecycle found in terrestrial plants and some algae in which subsequent generations of individuals alternate between haploid and diploid organisms

194
Q

Flower(angiosperms) structure

A

Flowers are organs that are made up of four kinds of leaves

Sepals petals stamens and carpels

195
Q

Stamen

A

Produces male gametophytes

196
Q

Carpels

A

Also known as pistils

Produce female gametophytes

197
Q

Fruit versus seeds

A

Fruits are the ripened ovary of angiosperms while seed is a fertilized ovule of both angiosperms and gymnosperms
Without the seeds the fruit cannot grow into a new plant but without the fruit the seed can grow into a new plan

198
Q

Pollination VS fertilization

A

Pollination is the process of transferring of pollens from one flower to another while fertilization is the process after the successful transfer of pollination which involves the fusion of male gametes female gametes of plants

199
Q

Endosperm

A

A tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization
it is triploid in most species
it surrounds the embryo and provides nutrients in the form of starch

200
Q

Why are fruits important to angiosperms

A

Fruits are products of flowers in there for only occur in flowering plants
The function of the fruit is seed dispersal

201
Q

How does plant health indicate ecosystem health

A

Think about:

Plants are the base of the food chain/web?

202
Q

What roles do plants play in the health of humans

A

Think about:
We get oxygen from plants?
All our sources of food come from plants?

Plants are organisms just like humans?
Humans need plants to survive( get oxygen from)?

203
Q

How did plants help humans understand genetics

A

Think about:
Looked at plants since they are much smaller?
Studied the plants?

STEM 9 Biology (5 decks)

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