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Bio II A&P > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Ingested food
To provide energy (ATP)
To grow and develop

Like macronutrients and micronutrients

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Broking down molecules to release ATP (produces energy)

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3
Q

What are macronutrients ? What is it’s function?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Produce energy

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4
Q

What are micronutrients? What is it’s function?

A

Vitamins D,A,K,Biotin,Folic acid
Minerals/Elements Na,CL,Ca,Po4, Fe,Mg,Mn
Not Used for Energy

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5
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Is a polysaccharide stored in liver

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6
Q

Breakdown Lipolysis

A

Pyruvate gets converted in AcetylCoA and Excess glucose goes to glycogen

Triglycerides >glycerol >Pyruvate
Triglycerides > 3 fatty acids >beta oxidation > Excess AcetylCoA

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7
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Protein are broken down into amino acids

Can be Deaminated(removed NH3 combine with CO2 forms Urea)

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8
Q

What happens when there is Excess of AcetylCoA

A

Keto genesis- acetylCoA in liver produce Ketone bodies

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9
Q

Name the male reproduction system parts and functions

A 
Scrotum- outer covering of testes
Testes- site of sperm production 
Epididymus- stores sperm cells
Vas deferens- long tube brings sperm to body
Urethra- carries both urine + semen
Penis - delivers sperm to female
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10
Q

Where is testosterone produce?

What is Testosterone.

A

In the Testes by seminiferons tubules inside the interstitial cells produce Testosterone is the second male characteristics

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11
Q

Parts of the Testes

A

Túnica Vaginalis- outer 2 layers continuos with peritoneum

Túnica Albiginia- fibrous capsule producing lobes

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12
Q

Name the accessory organs to the male reproductive system

A

Seminal Vesicles- contains proteglandis

Prostate Gland- doughnuts shape, secretes citric acid and enzymes

Bulbourethral Gland- secretes semen

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13
Q

Name the 3 parts of the Urethra?

A

Prostate Urethra- surrounds by prostate gland
Membranous Urethra- determines fluid release
Spongy Urethra- runs thru penis

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14
Q

Describe Spermatogenesis

How does it start?

A

Starts in the testes with the production of sperm cells as spermatogonia than gets diploid divided by mitosis. 1 cell goes to Meiosis other keep producing sperm cells.
In meiosis spermatocytes at primary meiosis I produce a haploid secondary spermatocyte goes thru meiosis II to give Spermatid (stored in epididymis)goes thru a developmental process gets small and thinner. Grows a tail in spermatozoa a mature sperm cell. A mature sperm cell is a acrosome long flagella

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15
Q

What is Nitricoxide?

A

A vasodilator

ex: viagra

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16
Q

Purpose of the Male Reproductive System?
Primary sex organs?
Secondary sex organs?

A

Production of offspring Sperm cells (gametes) and secretion of hormones to support other functions
Primary sex organs: tested produce gametes
Secondary sex organs: ducts, tubes (Deliver of gametes)

17
Q

Name the parts of the Female reproductive System

A

Ovaries- gamete production (egg cells)
Fallopian Tubes- connects ovaries to uterus
Uterus- site of offspring development
Vagina- for intercourse

18
Q

What happens in ovaries?

What are the 2 important process?

A

Gamete production site to become a zygote
1. Oogenesis the development of the gametes
egg cell is undergoing Meiosis
2. Folliculogenesis development of follicle
The egg needs all the supporting cell

19
Q

What is FSH?

What is it’s function?

A

Follicle stimulating Hormone
Allows one of the primordial follicle to divide and mature

Release by Pituitary Hormone

20
Q

What is LH?

What is it’s function?

A

Lutenizing Hormone
Causes Follicle to rupture

Release by Pituitary Hormone

21
Q

Describe the steps of Oogoenesis

A

Start with Oogonia primordial 1 layer of follicle stimulated by FSH.
In Mitosis divided into multiple layers now a primary follicle becomes granulosum cells. Goes to Meiosis I now a secondary Follicle produce Zona Pellucida. Here Meiosis is arrest become Tertiary Follicle forming Antrum secrete fluids LH release the egg Here is Ovulation.
Egg cell goes to the Fallopian tube can get fertilize or not. If fertilize egg cell goes to Meiosis II and becomes a zygote. If not fertilize egg cell dies.

22
Q

What is the function of Estrogen and Progesterone

A

promoting the growth of the endometrium

23
Q

What happens in the Fallopian tube?

A

Fertilization takes place.
If fertilization does not happen the egg cell dies
If fertilization happens the egg cell continues with Meiosis II and becomes a Zygote

24
Q

What happens in the uterus.

What are the 3 layers of membranes?

A

Site of embryo development
Perimetrium- thin layer serious membrane
Myometrium- smooth muscle
Endometrium- inner lining

25
Q

Describe the 2 layers of the Endometrium in the uterine cycle

A
  1. Stratum Functionalists- consistently growing and shed off in menstruation
  2. Stratum Basalis- allows for renewal of functionalist
26
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Inner walls contains reggae folds to extend in case a baby needs to go through and retracts after birth
For Intercourse

27
Q

3 stages of Hormone regulation

A

Follicular phase- secretes Estrogen
Inhibit FSH to initiate follicle maturation in ovary
Ovulation Phase- causes LH abs allow ovulation
Lutheal Phase- release of Corpus Luteum
Release Estrogen and Progesterone (last about 15 days)(FSH and LH will not start)

28
Q

4 Stages of development

A

Cleavage- rapid mitosis
Gastrulation- form 3 germ layers
Neurulation- development of nervous System
Organogenesis- formation of organs, heart beat & limbs

29
Q

What is the 3 germ layers in Gastrulation?

Where we begging to call it an embryo

A

Ectoderm- outside skin
Mesoderm- middle
Endoderm- inside

30
Q

What are the 4 extra embryonic membranes in trophoblast?

A
  1. Chorion- outer most layer fuse with endometrium becomes Placenta
  2. Ammion- fluid sac around embryo
  3. Yorlk sac
  4. Allontis
31
Q

Positive Feed back theory

A

Oxytocin secretion

Stretches the uterine cervix increases action potential increasing contractions of the uterus for delivery of baby

32
Q

Mammary gland and Milk production

A

Produce colostrum first than produce milk.

Milk is Initiated by Prolactin

33
Q

Compare Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis- produce 4 gamete

Oogenesis- produce 1 gamete

34
Q

Why is female gamete production more intense than male gamete production.

A

Because the female gamete is going to become the zygote

And it has to have everything to support the development of the zygote

35
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta?

Where it came from? what is for?

A

Placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy.

Provides oxygen and nutrients to support the developing embryo.

Bio II A&P (6 decks)

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