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Microanatomy > Ordinary Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Ordinary Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue? (5)

A
  1. Provides an extracellular matrix that connects and binds organs and cells within the body
  2. Gives support to the body (forms fascia, tendons, cartilages, bone)
  3. Facilitates cellular defence mechanisms
  4. Repair (scar tissue formation)
  5. Provides an avenue for communication.transportation
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2
Q

How is connective tissue supplied with oxygen and nutrients?

A

CT is directly supplied by blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve

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3
Q

What are the 2 classifications of CT?

A

Ordinary (CT proper)

Special CT

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4
Q

Name 3 types of ordinary connective tissue

A
  1. Loose, areolar connective tissue
  2. Dense irregular connective tissue
  3. Dense regular connective tissue
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5
Q

Name 6 types of special connective tissue

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Dentin
  5. Haematopoietic tissue (lymphatic and myeloid)
  6. Endothelium
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6
Q

What are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibres
  3. Ground substance
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7
Q

Name the three types of fibre that can be found in CT

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
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8
Q

Name the components of the ground substance

A

Highly hydrated gel comprised of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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9
Q

What 2 components make up the extracellular matrix?

A

Fibres and ground substance

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10
Q

What are the principle cells of CT?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Produces fibres (collagen and elastic) and ground substances of CT

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12
Q

Describe the structure of a fibroblast

A

Irregular branched cytoplasm, extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and well developed golgi apparatus

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13
Q

Describe the structure of reticular fibres

A

Branched, thin collagenous fibres tat form delicate networks

Do not form bundles

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14
Q

Describe the function and location of collagen type I

A

Function: provides tensile strength

Location: dermis, ligaments, tendons, bone, dentin
90% of total collagen in body

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15
Q

Where is collagen type II found?

A

Hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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16
Q

Where is collagen type III found?

A

Reticulin (The first collagen secreted in wound healing), lymphoid organs

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17
Q

Where is collagen type IV found

A

Basal lamina

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18
Q

What is the function of collagen type VII?

A

Forms anchoring fibrils e.g. anchors the basal lamina of epidermis to underlying dermal fibres

19
Q

What is the name of collagen synthesised when it is still inside the cell?

A

Procollagen

20
Q

What is the structure of procollagen?

A

Three collagen molecules (α-polypeptide chains)

21
Q

What happens when procollagen is secreted from the cell?

A

Proteolytic enzymes cleave polypeptides from procollagen to form tropocollagen

22
Q

What is the name of procollagen after enzymatic cleavage?

A

Tropocollagen

23
Q

How are tropocollagen molecules aligned?

A

Tropocollagen molecules aligned into linear arrays with a 67nm stagger to produce collagen fibrils

24
Q

Describe collagen production and formation using a flow diagram

A

procollagen (inside cell) > tropocollagen (outside cell) > collagen fibril > collagen fibre > collagen bundle

25
Q

What is the main component of elastic fibres

A

Elastin

26
Q

Where are elastic fibres located?

A

Dermis, elastic arteries (aorta), lung, elastic cartilages

27
Q

Describe the structure of an elastic fibre

A

An elastin core covered with fibrils made up of the glycoprotein FIBRILIN (fibrilin is important in the assembly and integrity of elastic fibres)

28
Q

What is the main composition of reticular fibres?

A

Collagen type III

29
Q

What is the function of reticular fibres

A

Provides a more intimate form of support

30
Q

Name 2 collagen disorders

A
  1. Scurvy

2. Ehler-Danlos Syndrome

31
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Lack of vitamin C

Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis. This results in imperfect collagen production causing abnormal bone growth, fragile capillaries leading to bleeding gums and tooth loss

32
Q

What is Ehler-Danlos syndrom caused by?

A

Caused by a defect in the structure, production or processing of collagen or proteins that interact with collagen

Characterised by skin extensibility, joint hypermobility and tissue fragility

33
Q

Name and describe an ELASTIN disorder

A

Marfan syndrome

A defect in the FBN1 gene which encodes fibrillin-1, resulting in a lack of fibrillin in elastic fibres.
Affected individuals tend to be tall, thin, long limbs, large hands and sunken chest. Tend to have defects of the heart valves and aorta (prone to aortic rupture)

34
Q

What is the main functions of ground substance?

A

Resists compressive forces on the matrix and provides mechanical strength

Functions as a molecular sieve where nutrients, metabolites and hormones diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

35
Q

What is the ground substance comprised of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycan and adhesive glycoproteins

36
Q

Describe the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units

Very large and hydrophilic molecules

37
Q

Describe the functions of GAGs

A

Maintain the tissue architecture: GAGs have a high viscosity and low compressibility

Rigid and turgor provides structural integrity to cells and

Provides passageways between cells, allowing for cell migration

38
Q

Describe the fibrous composition and function of dense irregular CT

A

Predominance of collagen fibres, densely packed which run haphazardly
Offer resistance and protection in many directions

39
Q

Name 4 locations of dense irregular CT

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Submucosa of digestive tract
  3. Periosteum and perichondrium
  4. Fibrous capsules of organs
40
Q

Describe the fibrous composition and the function of dense regular CT

A

Predominance of collagen fibres that run in parallel

Maximum tensile strength in one direction/one plane

(have a poor blood supple so when damaged take time to regenerate)

41
Q

Name 3 locations of dense regular CT

A
  1. Ligaments (connect to bone)
  2. Tendons (connect to muscle)
  3. Aponeurosis
42
Q

Which of the 3 embryonic germ layers does CT originate from?

A

Mesoderm

43
Q

Describe the structure and function of lose areolar CT

A

Pliable and mesh-like with widely dispersed collagen and fibroblasts and an abundance of ground substance

Provide a ‘packing’ framework for organ support

44
Q

Name 3 location of lose, areolar CT

A
  1. Widely distributed below epithelia
  2. Forms lamina propria of mucosa
  3. Surrounds capillaries

Microanatomy (2 decks)

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