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Chemistry A2 > Organic Synthesis Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alkene to an alkane?

A

H2 (hydrogen)
Nickel catalyst
150 degrees

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2
Q

What is the test for unsaturation and what conditions does it require?

A

An alkene, Br2 (X2 - being a halogen)

20 degrees

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3
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alkene to a haloalkane?

A

HX (with X being a halogen)

20 degrees

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4
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alkene to an alcohol and what is this reaction called?

A 
Steam
H3PO4 catalyst
300 degrees
60-70 atm
This is called steam hydration.
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5
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alcohol to an alkene and what is this reaction called?

A

Conc H3PO4 or H2SO4
170 degrees
This is an elimination reaction.

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6
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a haloalkane to an alcohol and what is this reaction called?

A

Warm NaOH or KOH
H2O
Reflux
This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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7
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alcohol to a haloalkane?

A

NaX (X is a halogen)
H2SO4
20 degrees

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8
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a haloalkane to an amine?

A

Excess ethanolic ammonia

Heat

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9
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a haloalkane to a nitrile and what is this reaction called?

A

NaCN or KCN
Ethanol
Reflux
This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

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10
Q

What can alcohol react with to form an ester?

A

Carboxylic acid with acid catalyst and heat
Acyl chloride
Acid anhydride

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11
Q

How can an ester be turned back into an alcohol?

A

Dilute acid or alkali
Reflux
(Acid or alkali hydrolysis)

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12
Q

How can an alcohol be reacted to form an aldehyde or ketone?

A

K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 or potassium dichromate

Heat - reflux/fractional distillation

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13
Q

How can you turn an aldehyde or ketone back into an alcohol?

A

NaBH4

Then H2O

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14
Q

How does an aldehyde/ketone form a hydroxynitrile?

A

React with HCN

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15
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a (hydroxy)nitrile to a amine?

A

LiAlH4 then dilute acid
OR Na, ethanol and reflux
OR H2 and Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp, and pressure. (Catalytic hydrogenation - used in industry).

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16
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a (hydroxy)nitrile to a carboxylic acid?

A

Dilute HCI

Reflux

17
Q

How do aldehydes react to form carboxylic acids?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate and reflux.

18
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an ester to a carboxylic acid and what is this reaction called?

A

Dilute acid or alkali
Reflux
This is acid/alkali hydrolysis

19
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a carboxylic acid to an ester and what can this reaction be called?

A

Alcohol
Acid catalyst
Heat
This is esterification.

20
Q

What does an acyl chloride react with to form an ester?

A

Alcohol

20 degrees

21
Q

What does a carboxylic acid react with to form an acyl chloride?

A

SOCl2

22
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid and what type of reaction is this?

A

A vigorous reaction with cold H2O.

23
Q

How does an acyl chloride react to form an amide (how does this differ between a secondary and primary amide)?

A

> For a primary amide - Ammonia (NH3) and 20 degrees

>For a secondary amide - Amine and 20 degrees

24
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

Tin
Conc HCI
Reflux then NaOH

25
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

Conc HNO3
Conc H2SO4
Warm

26
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from benzene to alkyl benzene?

A

Haloalkane
AlCl3 catalyst
Reflux

27
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from benzene to a halobenzene?

A

X2 (X being a halogen)
AlCl3 catalyst
Warm

28
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from benzene to a phenylketone?

A

Acyl chloride
AlCl3 catalyst
Reflux

29
Q

What reagents and conditions do you need to go from phenol to a phenylester?

A

Acyl chloride

20 degrees

Chemistry A2 (4 decks)

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