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Cardio Block > Gram Positive Pathogens > Flashcards

Gram Positive Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Positive Pathogens include

A

Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci

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2
Q

Staphylococci have what shpe

A

grape cluster

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3
Q

Streptococci shape

A

Chains

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4
Q

Enterococci shape?

A

short chains

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5
Q

Gram positive stain what color?

A

dark blue

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6
Q

Gram positive have how many membranes

A

one…G- have two

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7
Q

Gram pos have a thick peptidoglycan bilayer

A

true

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8
Q

Which has a periplasmic space

A

Gram negative

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9
Q

Gram negative make what that can cause shock?

A

Lipopolysaccharide…Endotoxins found in the outer membrane of Gram Negative bacteria that illicit a strong immune response in mammals

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10
Q

Strep and staph have how many cell membranes?

A

One

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11
Q

Gram positives are under a ton of pressure so one defect can cause them to explode

A

True

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12
Q

What must the cells be doing for cell wall target antibiotics to work?

A

Bacteria must be growing

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13
Q

What do phage lysins do that makes them special ab treatments

A

Can kill bacteria when they aren’t growing. Phage lysins degrade crossbridges by cleaving them between the lactyl moiety of NAM and the L-Ala of the pentapeptide Ala-Glu-Glu-Lys-Ala. very promising treatment.

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14
Q

Two types of teichoic acids

A

Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid

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15
Q

Importance of teichoic acids

A

Have a major effect on overall surface charge

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16
Q

What can make bacteria much less virulent?

A

The inability to add D-alanine to LTA. This makes this process a good target for potential antibiotics

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17
Q

Top three harmful staph species are?

A

Staph aureus, staph epidermis, staph saprophyticus

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18
Q

Staph are facultative anaerobes

A

true…they prefer reduced O2

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19
Q

What produces a slime

A

staph epidermis

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20
Q

What can form a polysaccharide capsule

A

Staph aureus

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21
Q

Why are capsules considered virulence factors

A

Capsules can act as an adhesive factor. Also, capsules can sterically block phagocytosis by preventing complement from binding opsonized bacteria

22
Q

are staph catalase positive?

A

yes

23
Q

Which staph makes coagulase

A

S. aureus…coagulase activates prothrombin to thrombin which cleacves fibrinogen to fibrin and causes a clot.

24
Q

Colonization of staph aureus is mostly where?

A

nasal cavity

25
Q

Disease in staph carriers more or less severe?

A

Less

26
Q

HA infections?

A

Healthcare associated infections. Generally a single strand passed within the facility

27
Q

CA infections

A

Community acquired…generally carriers being infected by the strain they carry or passing it to others they come in contact with.

28
Q

What is Alpha toxin

A

produced by staph aureus. makes a large pore in the membrane

29
Q

What is PVL

A

A pore forming Beta toxin. Contributes to community acquired MRSA

30
Q

What staph produced exotoxin causes scalded skin syndrome?

A

exfoliatin. degrades desmoglein-1, a cadherin involved in desmosome formation. desmosomes are involved in cell-cell adhesion and prevent shear related tears. Important little things.

31
Q

Scalded skin syndrome is usually seen in what age group?

A

under5

32
Q

What layers of skin usually separate sss

A

relatively superficial layer….b/w stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum

33
Q

Example of a superantigen

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome TSST-1

34
Q

What do superantigens do?

A

bind T cells to MHC class II molecules at a greater rate than usual. Results in a cytokine storm

35
Q

Enterotoxins are a subdivision of exotoxins

A

true

36
Q

Staph enterotoxins cause what

A

Food poisoning. vomitting and intestinal cramping. The bacteria itself doesnt even have to be alive. Happens quickly, over in 12 hrs

37
Q

MSCRAMM?

A

microbail surface components that recognize matrix molecules

38
Q

Sortase?

A

binds MSCRAMMS to cell wall

39
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

degrades hyaluronic acid in connective tissues and makes bacterial spread easier

40
Q

Biofilms do what

A

slow cell growth and make cell wall antibiotics less effective

41
Q

Stages in biofilm development

A 
adhesion
colonization
microcolony formation
maturation
Dispersal
42
Q

folliculitis

A

common staph infection of the skin. hair follicles

43
Q

carbuncle

A

bunch of boils

44
Q

external stye

A

sebaceous or sweat glands infectd

45
Q

Internal stye

A

tarsal glands infected

46
Q

staph aureus pneumonia. Not to be confused with staph pneumonia pneumonia

A

commonly seen after the flu. Staph pneumonia pneumonia is also commonly seen after the flu but s. aureus has a much worse prognosis. s. aureus causes tissue destruction. lungs will not return to normal in s. aureus like s. pneumonia

47
Q

two forms of infective endocarditis

A

acute and subacute

48
Q

acute IE

A

usually caused by staph aureus, large bulky valve, IV drug use is a predisposing factor, raid onset of symptoms

49
Q

subacute

A

strep viridans in the most common cause, previous abnormal valve, small vegetation

50
Q

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome causede by what toxin

A

TSST-1

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