85 will be the minimum

Question 1

Market Economy

Answer 1

individuals and firms exchanges goods and services without government interference.

Question 2

Capitalism

Answer 2

Market economy plus private property.

Question 3

Command Economy

Answer 3

Price, property and production controlled by the state.

Question 4

Key Point

Answer 4

Rise of modern state coincided with market economy; when the economy became a free market, individuals have freedoms

Question 5

Essential Roles of the State

Answer 5

Providing security, establishing and enforcing property and contract rights, creating and controlling currency.

Question 6

Beneficial Roles of the state

Answer 6

infrastructure, education, healthcare and correcting market failures.

Question 7

politically generated roles

Answer 7

Those functions where the state interacts with the market due to the will of the people/ political demands.

Question 8

Causes of market failure

Answer 8

externalities, imperfect information, monopolies.

Question 9

Externalities

Answer 9

Pollution and long term health

Question 10

Imperfect information

Answer 10

Variable interest rate mortgages and mortgage backed - securities.

Question 11

Monopolies

Answer 11

competition removed, so key efficiency is gone. can occur naturally.

Question 12

Keyneianism

Answer 12

The state could and should be more involved in economic crises and fiscal policy to minimize boom and bust cycles. Gov’t should engage in deficit spending (borrowing and spending more than revenue) in order to increase demand. Debt could be paid off once economy improves and inflation by decreasing demand.

Question 13

Stagflation

Answer 13

A problem for Keynes in that high inflation and high unemployment can’t really be corrected by more gov’t spending and borrowing…it makes the situation worse by increasing inflation.

Question 14

monetarism

Answer 14

Milton Friedman; only monetary policy can affect economic well-being in capitalism. Gov’t should be LESS involved in the economy. Gov’t should spend less and be concerned with the amount of money printed and circulated (monetary policy).

Question 15

Comparative Advantage

Answer 15

Maximum benefit if all produce what they do best and trade with others doing the same

Question 16

Structural adjustment programs

Answer 16

World Bank and IMF programs (loans) that require neoliberal reforms such as privatizing industry, reduced deficits, less gov’t spending, and free trade

Question 17

Globalism

Answer 17

has changed the role of the state in the economy. International influence and private capital alter gov’t capacity and influence.

Question 18

Vertical Accountability

Answer 18

Between the Government and the peopl

Question 19

Horizontal Accountability

Answer 19

Between the branches of Government

Question 20

Majoritarian democracy

Answer 20

power concentrated in a single party, executive which dominates the legislature. Often single legislative branch, constitution easily amended.

Question 21

consensus democracy

Answer 21

Multiparty executive in a coalition government, executive-legislative balance, bicameral legislatures with roughly equal power, rigid constitutions which are not easily amended

Question 22

Coalition Government

Answer 22

parliamentary practice requiring at least 2 parties to negotiate to rule.

Question 23

Veto Player

Answer 23

Parties with veto power over policies and laws; SHOULD make government more horizontally accountable

Question 24

Head of state

Answer 24

Official, symbolic rep. of a state; speaks on behalf of the country; primary actor in world affairs; often king or president

Question 25

Head of Government

Answer 25

Implements and executes the laws of the land; often plays a key role in passing legislation; often a president or prime minister

Question 26

Parliamentarian Government

Answer 26

Oldest democratic model; no real separation between Leg. and Exec. Branches as the two are fused together; members of parliament elect a chief executive (typically PM) When voting for your member of parliament, you are also basically voting for the chief executive due to party alliances

Question 27

Collective Responsibility

Answer 27

Cabinet members all agree to support legislation once introduced to Parliament, so it SHOULD pass

Question 28

Separation of powers

Answer 28

Functions of Exec. and Leg. Branches are clearly defined, distinct, and separate (often includes Judicial Branch too)

Question 29

Semi presidential

Answer 29

Executive power is divided between a directly elected president and a prime minister chosen by parliament President is Head of State WITH many governing powers as well; appoints Prime Minister with approval of parliament Prime Minister is official Head of Government and leader of majority party/coalition Parliament can force cabinet to resign; President can dissolve parliament and call for new elections Splits in power must be clearly written in constitution; often President = foreign, PM = domestic

Question 30

Cohabitation

Answer 30

President and PM from different parties; forces compromise

Question 31

Most democratic system of government

Answer 31

In theory, Parliamentarian…because the “people’s representatives” are supreme. Presidential is more accountable horizontally and thus may actually protect democratic practices better. Coin flip in reality.

Question 32

Most effective at policy government

Answer 32

Typically Parliamentarian. Compromise is built in and gridlock can typically be avoided by dissolving/forcing elections

Question 33

Most stable government

Answer 33

Based upon evidence—Parliamentarian. History has shown that Presidential systems are dangerous to new democracies. Winner-take-all risk.

Question 34

Common Law

Answer 34

British origin; judges base decisions on written law AND past court decisions (stare decisis)

Question 35

Code Law

Answer 35

Roman and French origin (Napoleon); judges may only follow the law and make decisions based upon the written law—no real interpretation or past decisions

Question 36

Judicial review

Answer 36

The right of the courts to determine whether a law is constitutional or not; MOST democracies Concrete (Common) or Abstract (Code)

Question 37

Judicial Independence

Answer 37

Judges must be willing and able to act independently when making decisions; there should not be undue influence from outside groups or individuals in power…KEY COMPONENT

Question 38

bureaucracy

Answer 38

provide a number of benefits to a modern state: continuity of gov’t, efficient management of resources, capacity to rule over territory and people, etc.

Question 39

Principal agent problems

Answer 39

Interest of the hired doesn’t align with that of the elected; can lead to corruption

Question 40

political appointees

Answer 40

Serve at the pleasure of the President or PM; oversee bureaucracy in a way consistent with those in power want In democracies, legislators can limit the discretion of bureaucrats…or not. Legislative Oversight

Question 41

Risk for bureaucracy

Answer 41

Patronage, “runaway states”, bribery, rent seeking

Question 42

Federalism

Answer 42

State’s power is legally and constitutionally divided among multiple levels of government Why? (See blue box on pg. 293) Larger countries can better manage large areas and populations Limits power of a majority by adding “veto players” Protects interests of religious and ethnic minorities; often provides for regional autonomy

Question 43

Accountability of federalism

Answer 43

Federalism allows for built in autonomy and checks & balances between branches and levels of government (Think of bicameral interests in the US)

Question 44

Devolution

Answer 44

Recent trend in federalism; decentralization of power from central gov’t to lower levels

Question 45

Electoral Systems

Answer 45

Formal, legal mechanisms that translate votes into control over political offices and shares of political power Who votes, when, and how Standard systems involve voting for REPRESENTATION instead of POLICIES Key areas to compare: Elections, Parties, and Civil Society

Question 46

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 46

No rational reason; one person has no real impact

Question 47

Collective action Problem

Answer 47

Individuals make the rational decision to NOT participate because one person can’t change things, but this leads to collective suffering when all individually opt out

Question 48

Closed list elections

Answer 48

Party provides ranked list of candidates, voters vote for the party

Question 49

Open list elections

Answer 49

Voters vote for actual candidates and seats are allocated based upon party performance and given to individuals with the most votes

Question 50

Semi proportional elections

Answer 50

Voters cast ballots for a SMD representative and for a party list (proportional) All SMD winners are seated, then seats allocated based upon overall party list votes for the nation

Question 51

Single Non transferable elections

Answer 51

Large, multimember districts where voters vote for only 1 candidate

Question 52

Alternative vote elections

Answer 52

SMD system where voters rank each candidate; after the first-place votes are counted, the lowest ranked candidate has votes reallocated based upon the voter’s second choice

Question 53

Populism parties

Answer 53

Latin American growth; socialist and promises to provide for the masses, but nationalist as well; often use ethnicity and patronage

Question 54

Conservative parties

Answer 54

strong state, nationalism, preservation of the social fabric, free market

Question 55

Christian democrats

Answer 55

centrist regarding social welfare, very conservative on social/moral issues

Question 56

liberals

Answer 56

CLASSIC liberalism, free market and limited social programs and limited government

Question 57

Socialist/social democrats

Answer 57

largely the voice of labor/workers, expanded social welfare

Question 58

Communist

Answer 58

expanded social welfare BUT only in elections until revolution occurs

Question 59

Right wing extremist

Answer 59

severe nationalism and anti-immigration

Question 60

Ecology movement

Answer 60

socialist PLUS environment first

Question 61

dominant party systems

Answer 61

Multiple parties, but the same one always wins (South Africa & ANC)

Question 62

Two party system

Answer 62

Multiple may exist, but only 2 are actually in contention (US and UK)

Question 63

two and a half party system

Answer 63

Two dominate, but typically they need the third party to join and form a coalition to govern (Germany & UK)

Question 64

multiparty system

Answer 64

Um, multiple parties Why different systems? Economic battle between capital and labor Religious battle between Protestant and Catholic Duverger’s Law

Question 65

Civil Society

Answer 65

The layer of organized political activity between the state and individuals/families/firms Trade unions, business groups, farmers groups, etc. Collective action increases influence

Question 66

Pluralism

Answer 66

Many groups represent a variety of interests and the government remains neutral towards these groups

Question 67

Corporatism

Answer 67

(Societal or Neocorporatist here) Multiple smaller, local groups align under a few PEAK ASSOCIATIONS which work closely with government to develop policy; these peak associations are officially recognized by government

Question 68

Social Movement

Answer 68

A component of civil society where citizens perceive inadequate representation and inequality in politics and government. These individuals work together to seek socioeconomic or political changes through collective action (but outside of established, organized interest groups).

Question 69

Social Capital

Answer 69

Networks of people and social norms created through interaction…with real people

Question 70

Authoritarian executive branch

Answer 70

Almost always a Supreme Leader with few limitations on power; often consults with top leaders from the party/regime

Question 71

Tools of control in authoritarian regime

Answer 71

Repression, Co-optation, Efforts at Legitimation…and always “security” Personal security is of utmost importance; often form a special military wing to provide it

Question 72

Dictators dilemma

Answer 72

Repression creates fear, which breeds uncertainty about actual support of the ruler, so the paranoia leads to making irrational choices and spending too much to try to ensure support Spies, intelligence, secret police, etc.

Question 73

Means of maintaining control

Answer 73

Repression: Expensive but effective Buying Loyalty: As discussed under dictator’s dilemma, paranoia is especially strong in those who came to power by military overthrow African roads example—build support with your base Institutionalized Corruption Co-Optation: Utilize formal institutions such as a legislature or bureaucracy to “keep your enemies closer” Allows for controlled dissent and perception of access/influence among opposition and minority groups In legislature, opposition typically has little real power (Kenya) Legitimation: Institutions without real power