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Head and Neck Anatomy > Superficial Structures of the Neck 1 > Flashcards

Superficial Structures of the Neck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the first pair of cervical nerves leave the spinal cord and the vertebral column?

A

Above the 1st cervical vertebrae, between the first cervical vertebrae and the base of the skull.

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2
Q

How do the 7 remaining cervical vertebrae leave the cervical vertebrae?

A

Through their corresponding intervertebral foramina.

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3
Q

What happens to the spinal nerve after leaving the intervertebral foramina?

A

Immediately after, they divide into dorsal and ventral ramus.

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4
Q

What do the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves supply?

A

They supply the extensor muscles at the back of the neck and the skin overlying them.

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5
Q

In the cervical region, what happens to the upper 4 cervical ventral rami?

A

They branch and mix with each other before they pass onwards to skin and muscles.

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6
Q

What is the path of the lower 4 cervical ventral rami?

A

They stream towards the upper limb.

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7
Q

What do the lower 4 cervical ventral rami join with?

A

They join with the 1st thoracic ventral ramus and they form a plexus that supplies the arm.

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8
Q

What is the cervical plexus formed off?

A

It is formed off the upper 4 ventral rami.

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9
Q

What is the brachial plexus formed off?

A

It is formed of the lower 4 rami together with the 1st thoracic ramus.

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10
Q

What do each of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have?

A

They have a foramen in them for the vertebral arteries.

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11
Q

What do each of the transverse processes end in?

A

They end in 2 tubercules – an anterior and a posterior tubercule.

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12
Q

How do the cervical ventral rami pass out over the transverse processes?

A

They pass out in a shallow gutter between the anterior and posterior tubercules.

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13
Q

Where do the scalene muscles originate from?

A

They originate from the 2 tubercules of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.

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14
Q

Where do the scalene muscle run to?

A

They run from the cervical vertebral column to the 1st and 2nd ribs.

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15
Q

Where do the scalene muscles lie?

A

They lie at the sides of the vertebral column.

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16
Q

Where do the scalenus anterior muscles attach to?

A

They attach to the anterior tubercules.

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17
Q

Where does the scalenus medius attach to?

A

They attach to the posterior tubercules.

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18
Q

Other than the scalenus medius, what other muscles attach to the posterior tubercules?

A
  • scalenus posterior
  • levator scapulae
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19
Q

How do the ventral rami of the cervical spinal nerves emerge into the neck?

A

They emerge between the scalenus anterior and the scalenus medius.

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20
Q

What do the upper 4 ventral rami give branches to supply?

A

Their branches supply many muscles in the neck and also the skin of the sides and the front of the neck.

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21
Q

What do a few muscular branches from the 1st cervical ventral ramus hitch hike along?

A

They enter the hypoglossal nerve and hitch hike along it.

22
Q

How do the muscular fibres from the first cervical ventral ramus leave the hypoglossal nerve?

A

They leave the nerve in the front of the neck as the superior root of the ansa cervicalis and as the thyrohyoid nerve.

23
Q

What do muscular branches from the 2nd and 3rd ventral rami form?

A

They form the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis.

24
Q

Where do fine branches from the loop of the ansa go to?

A

They pass to the muscles at the front of the neck.

25
Q

What does a muscular branch from the 4th ventral ramus supply?

A

It supplies muscles that originally developed in the neck but which later migrated to the thorax = diaphragm

26
Q

What is the muscular branch of the 4th cervical ventral ramus called?

A

This is called the PHRENIC NERVE

27
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve recieve some filaments from on its way to the surface of the scalenus anterior muscle?

A

It recieves filaments from the 3rd and 5th ventral rami which pass onto the surface of the scalenus anterior muscle.

28
Q

What is the path of the scalenus anterior muscle?

A
  • crosses the scalenus anterior muscle obliquely
  • passes in front of the subclavian artery
  • passes through the superior aperture of the thorax
29
Q

Why is the broken neck above the level of C4 fatal?

A

Because the diaphragm is completely paralysed.

30
Q

Where do the cutaneous branches from the cervical plexus emerge?

A

They emerge at the side of the neck and then radiate into the skin like the spokes of a wheel.

31
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus called?

A
  • lesser occipital
  • great auricular
  • transverse cervical
  • supraclavicular nerves
32
Q

Where do the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th ventral emerge?

A

They emerge low in the neck between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius.

33
Q

How are 3 trunks formed from the brachial plexus?

A
  • 5th and 6th ventral rami join together –> upper trunk
  • 7th ventral rami stays single –> middle trunk
  • 8th cervical ventral rami + 1st thoracic ramus –> lower trunk
34
Q

How do the 3 trunks enter the upper limb?

A

They stream over the first rib with the subclavian artery and into the upper limb.

35
Q

What covers the prevertebral and scalene muscles?

A

A sheet of prevertebral fascia.

36
Q

When they first emerge from the intervertebral foramina, where does the cervical ventral rami lie in relation to the prevertebral fascia?

A

They first lie deep to this fascia.

37
Q

What do the cervical ventral rami have to do in order to make sure that they can reach the structures that they supply?

A

They have the pierce the prevertebral fascia.

38
Q

What part of the prevertebral fascia do the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pierce?

A

They pierce a triangular area that lies between the scalenus anterior and the scalenus medius.

39
Q

What is the axillary sheath?

A

The subclavian artery carries with it a sheat of the prevertebral fascia into the upper limb and here it is called the axillary sheath.

40
Q

Does the subclavian vein pierce the prevertebral fascia?

A

No - it passes over the first rib in front of the scalenus anterior and therefore it does not pierce the prevertebral fascia.

41
Q

Where does the cervical part of the sympathetic extend from, to?

A

It extends from the base of the skull to the superior aperture of the thorax.

42
Q

Where is the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk continuous with the thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk?

A

It is continuous through the superior aperture of thorax.

43
Q

Describe the preganglionic neurones in the trunk.

A

They have all ascended from the thoracic region. There is no preganglionic outflow from the cervical part of the spinal cord.

44
Q

Where do sympathetic neurones from the thoracic region ascend to?

A

The ascend to 1 of 3 cervical sympathetic ganglia on the trunk.

45
Q

What are the 3 cervical sympathetic ganglia on the trunk called?

A

They are called the superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia.

46
Q

What is the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion fused with?

A

It is fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a large cervicothoracic ganglion.

47
Q

What is the cervicothoracic ganglion sometimes called?

A

It is sometimes called the stellate ganglion because it has a flattened star like appearance.

48
Q

Where does the stellate ganglion lie?

A

It lies on the neck of the first rib.

49
Q

Where do postganglionic sympathetic fibres arise from?

A

They arise from all 3 cervical sympathetic ganglia.

50
Q

How do postganglionic sympathetic ganglia reach their targets in the head and neck?

A

Many of them climb along blood vessels to reach their destination in the head and the neck.

Head and Neck Anatomy (36 decks)

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