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Animal Ecophys Third Year > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of using thermometry to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Quick, low-cost, core temperature measurement

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of using thermometry to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Single point measurement, difficult to make on freely moving animals. Stress responses may influence body temperature.
Need to capture the animal

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3
Q

What are the advantages of using implanted data loggers to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Measurement of internal temperature(s) over many months/ years. Can be combined with other sensors e.g. heart rate
Continuous

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of using implanted data loggers to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Surgical constraints, most cases require recapture for data recovery. Data logger size limitations.
Capture and surgery.

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5
Q

What are the advantages of using radio transmitters: implanted to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Measurement of internal temperature(s) that can be remotely recorded.
Continuous

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of using radio transmitters: implanted to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Measurement duration limited by battery power. External receiver or manual data logging system required for continuous recording.
Capture, surgery.

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7
Q

What are the advantages of using radio transmitters: skin surface to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Remote measurement of skin temperature. Easily attached by glue. Continuous

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of using radio transmitters: skin surface to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Skin temperature is influenced by environmental conditions as well as physiological parameters. Signal noise increased by movement. External devices increase drag.
Capture

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9
Q

What are the advantages of using gastrointestinal devices to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Deployment by feed tube/ ingested. Continuous recording of internal temperature. Detection of prey/ food intake.
Continuous

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10
Q

What are the advantages of using non-surgical implants, e.g. rectal, aural, vaginal to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Internal temperature measurement avoiding surgery.

Continuous

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of using non-surgical implants, e.g. rectal, aural, vaginal to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Temporary measurement of body region may constrain biological function and limits measurement duration

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12
Q

What are the advantages of using faecal temperature to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Non-invasive proxy of rectal temperature (no capture, no surgery)

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of using faecal temperature to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Calibration of rectal temperature with faecal temperature required. Temperature prone to vary with environmental conditions

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14
Q

What are the advantages of using PIT tags to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Low-cost, minimally invasive, multiple discrete measurements, avoiding recapture. Temperature measurement possible throughout the life of organism

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of using PIT tags to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Non-continuous measurement limited by RFID receiver placement. Reading range restricts measurement to close proximity. Migration of tag in some cases.
Capture

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16
Q

What are the advantages of using IR thermography to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Remote, non-invasive, sampling with high spatial and temporal resolution. Thermal video allows temperature measurement of discrete behaviours.
Continuous

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of using IR thermography to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Influenced by environmental conditions and may not clearly reflect internal temperature. Continuous recording of thermal video over several hours may be limited by memory. Arrival must be within field of view of researches/ camera

18
Q

What are the advantages of using IR thermometry to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Remote, non-invasive recording of surface temperature.

Low-cost

19
Q

What are the disadvantages of using IR thermometry to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Spatial resolution limited by increasing measurement area with distance. Typical distances of 1-5m

20
Q

What are the advantages of using temperature-sensitive paint to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Rapid assessment of temperature range of surface by colour change

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of using temperature-sensitive paint to measure body temperature of birds and mammals?

A

Low accuracy and resolution. Toxicity and visual marking may affect health/ behaviour/ predation risk.
Capture

22
Q

What are the effects that temperature have on the rate of biological processes (because it effects chemical processes)? What do these effects therefore mean?

A
  1. Rate-enhancing effects-mainly a consequence of temperature on enzyme function
  2. Destructive effects (normally outside the range of temperatures experienced)-denaturing of enzymes, disruption of cell membranes etc.
  3. There is therefore an optimum temperature
23
Q

What are the factors affecting heat transfer in animals?

A

. Surface area
. Temperature difference (reduce temp difference then there is a reduction in the rate in which heat is transferred)
. Specific heat of conductance (so how well insulated it is, so how is it at aiding it reducing heat transfer)

24
Q

What does adding heat (energy) to a body or losing it cause?

A

. Adding heat (energy to a body causes its temperature to rise)
. Conversely, losing heat causes the temperature to fall

25
Q

Give an equation for body heat

A

Body heat= Heat produces (MR) + Heat transferred

26
Q

Explain how this body heat equation: Body heat= Heat produced (MR) + Heat transferred
Differs in ectotherms and endotherms

A

In ectotherms the heat produced is low compared to heat that is transferred so essentially any heat that they produce is lost.
An endotherms basically tries to keep this as a balanced equation so that body temperature stays constant

27
Q

What are the physical processes involved in heat transfer?

A 
. Conduction 
. Convection 
. Radiation 
. Evaporation 
. Heat storage
28
Q

What happens if you increase or decrease heat storage in an animal?

A

Then you increase heat store then you increase the whole temperature of the system and if you reduce heat storage then you will reduce it provided everything is in balance

29
Q

What are the ways in which animals are transferred heat?

A 
. Metabolic heat generation 
. Direct solar radiation 
. Radiation 
. Thermal radiation from atmosphere 
. Thermal radiation 
. Reflected light
30
Q

What are the ways in which heat is transferred from an animal?

A

. Conduction (so laying down)
. Evaporation (thermal radiation to the sky)
. Convection
. Radiation

31
Q

When do you get conduction as a way of heat transfer from an animal? How is there convection in this case?

A

Where the animal is in contact with a substrate and is there is a direct transfer of heat. There is convection by the fluid median in this case the gas/ air

32
Q

What is the rate of flow of heat transfer directly related to in conduction?

A

To the temperature difference plus the thickness of the surface plus the surface area which is in contact

33
Q

What is the highest barrier of heat conductance (so insulation)

A

Still air

34
Q

Why does fur thickness increase insulation?

A

Because of the air that is trapped within that fur

35
Q

What is convection?

A

The flow of heat between two bodies by the mass movement of an intervening fluid (gas or liquid)

36
Q

What is heat flux density?

A

It is the rate at which heat is transferred

37
Q

What is heat flux density linked to? So what does this tell us?

A

Is linked to thermal heat conductivity of the median plus the effective boundary layer plus that temperature difference so can see that temperature difference is an important component not just to conduction but also of convection.

38
Q

What is ‘the boundary layer’?

A

Is the effective layer that is around a body where there is effectively still air or still water

39
Q

One of the adaptions of marine animals is to trap a layer of water next to the skin, what two things does this aid? So what does this mean if there is an increased boundary layer?

A

. It increases the effective boundary layer so decreases convection
. Also provides a reduced friction layer
. So as thermoregulation increases an increased boundary layer means that there is a reduced heat transfer

40
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy emitted by all bodies whose temperature is >-273 degrees Celsius

41
Q

What is radiation directly related to?

A

The temperature difference

42
Q

What 3 things regulate body temperature in ectotherms?

A

. Morphology
. Behaviour
. Physiology

Animal Ecophys Third Year (17 decks)

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