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FBS2 > Anatomy of Systems > Flashcards

Anatomy of Systems Flashcards

1
Q

If the spine doesn’t look straight from the front, what disease is it?

A

Scoliosis

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2
Q

What is the difference between:

a) Lordotic curve
b) Kyphotic curve

A

a) Concave posteriorly

b) Concave anteriorly

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3
Q

Where are lordotic and kyphotic curves found?

A

Lordotic - Cervical + lumbar

Kyphotic - Thoracic + Sacral/Coccyx

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4
Q

What are the 9 features of a typical vertebrae?

A

Spinous process
Lamina - facets attach to this
Pedicle - posterior arch attaches to body
Vertebral foramen/canal - spinal cord passes
Transverse processes
Superior + Inferior articular facet
Superior + Inferior vertebral notch

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5
Q

What materials make up the outer and inner of the vertebral body?
(How is inner organised?)

A

Outer - Cortical bone
Inner - trabecular,
channels between filled with blood to absorb load

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6
Q

What is another name for the pars interarticularis?

A

Lamina

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7
Q

What do the paired superior and inferior articular processes bear?

A

Synovial joints

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8
Q

What is the key feature of cervical vertebrae?

A

Foramen in transverse process where vertebral artery comes up
Nutrients for posterior aspect brain
Bifid spinous process

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9
Q

What is the name of the 1st cervical vertebrae and what’s its key feature?

A

Atlas

No body

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10
Q

What is the name of the 2nd cervical vertebrae and what’s its key feature?
(How supported?)

A

Axis
Extra vertical projection - dens (odontoid process)
Goes upwards and represents body of atlas
Transverse ligament

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11
Q

What is the key feature of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Superior + inferior articular facets for ribs

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12
Q

What restricts movement of thoracic region?

A

Ribs

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13
Q

How can you distinguish upper and lower lumbar vertebrae?

A

Upper - oval shaped foramen

Lower - triangular shaped foramen

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14
Q

How is sacrum formed?

A

Triangular bone by fusion of 5 vertebrae by age 25

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15
Q

How is coccyx formed?

A

4 rudimentary vertebrae that fuse

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16
Q

What enters through the fused foramen of sacrum?

A

Sacral nerves

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17
Q

What joint is present at the ala (wing) of sacrum?

A

Synovial joint that articulates with hip bone

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18
Q

What is the posterior aspect of the sacroiliac joint filled with?

A

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament

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19
Q

In the lumbar + thoracic, what is shape of body and does it encourage rotation?

A

Thoracic - flat, encourage rotation

Lumbar - curved, restricts rotation

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20
Q

What are the 3 structures of intervertebral discs?

A

Nucleus Pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus
Vertebral End Plate

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21
Q

Name 3 features of nucleus pulposus

A

Few cartilage cells and type I collagen
Fluid nature
When weight applied, reduces height + exerts pressure on annulus

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22
Q

Name 2 features of annulus fibrosus

A

Ordered lamellae of collagen type I - 6 degree each layer

Lattice structure

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23
Q

Name 3 features of vertebral end plate

A

Formed hyaline cartilage, surround nucleus pulposus
Permeable barrier between nucleus + bone
Prevent nucleus bulging into body

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24
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the vertebral column?

A

Anterior Longitudinal ligament
Posterior Longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum

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25
Q

Where does anterior longitudinal ligament attach?

A

Anterior surface of vertebral bodies

Attached to occipital bones + extend far as upper sacrum

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26
Q

Where does posterior longitudinal ligament attach?

A

Lies inside vertebral column on posterior side bodies

From axis to sacrum attaching to intervertebral discs + margins of vertebral bodies

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27
Q

Where does ligamentum flavum attach?

A

Connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

Extend from articular capsules to place where lamina joins spine

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28
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the vertebral column?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Serratus Posterior

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29
Q

What are the muscles of the erector spinae and brief descrip of each?

A

Spinalis - spinous processes of upper lumbar, thoracic and lower cervical
Longissimus - attaches rib + transverse process of thoracic + cervical vertebrae
Ilio-costalis - attach angle of ribs + transverse processes of lower cervical vertebrae

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30
Q

What are the muscles of the transversospinalis and brief descrip of each?

A

Semispinalis - lower thoracic - upper thoracic + cervical spinous processes
Multifidus - transverse process to spinous process of 1-3 vertebrae above
Rotatores - lamina of 1 vertebrae to transverse process of vertebra below

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31
Q

What are the muscles of the erector spinae group covered in within different regions?

A

Lumbar regions - thoracolumbar fascia
Lumbar + thoracic - serratus posterior muscle
Neck - splenius muscle

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32
Q

What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Stabilizes pelvis

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33
Q

Layers of chest wall from skin to lung

A

(Skin) - Superficial Fascia - Deep fascia - Extrinsic muscle - External intercostal muscle - Internal intercostal muscle - Innermost intercostal muscle - Parietal pleura - Pleural cavity - Visceral pleura - (Lung)

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34
Q

What layers does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lay in between?

A

Internal and innermost intercostal muscle

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35
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium sterni
Body of sternum
Xiphisternum (Xiphoid process)

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36
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Joint between manubrium sterni and body of sternum

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37
Q 
Which ones are:
a) True ribs?
b) False ribs?
c) Free floating ribs?
(What defines them?)
A

a) 1-7 - attach thoracic vertebrae and sternum
b) 8-12 - x anterior attachment to sternum
c) 11-12

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38
Q

What is the only primary cartilaginous joint in the adult skeleton?

A

1st rib joint

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39
Q

Where can you feel the mastoid process?

A

Feel behind ears

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40
Q

What is the main neck muscle that supports the ribcage?

Where attach + originate?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Attaches sternum + clavicle
From mastoid

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41
Q

What muscles make up the scalenes?

Where attach

A

Scalenus Anterior
Scalenus Medius
Scalenus Posterior

To 1st rib (Posterior to 2nd)

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42
Q

What are the 2 features of a baby rib cage?

A

Wider subcostal angle + straighter ribs

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43
Q

What type of breathing do babies do?

A

Diaphragmatic breathing

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44
Q

What facets are on the head of ribs and where do they connect?

A

Superior demifacet - vertebral body above
Interarticular facet
Inferior demifacet - same no’ of vertebral body

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45
Q

What type of joint does the head of the rib make?

A

Costovertebral joint

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46
Q

What part of the rib does the sympathetic chain run over?

A

Neck

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47
Q

What are the 2 aspects of the tubercle of the rib?

A

Articular facet

Non-articular (ligamentous)

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48
Q

What type of joint does the tubercle of the rib make?

A

Costotransverse joint - join transverse process

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49
Q

Name 3 atypical features of 1st rib

A

Tubercle for scalenus anterior muscle
Single facet head
Grooves for subclavian valves

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50
Q

Name 2 atypical features of 2nd rib

A

Tubercle for scalene posterior

Tubercle for serratus anterior

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51
Q

Name 2 atypical features of 11th and 12th ribs

A

X tubercles

X attach sternum

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52
Q 
What type of motion do the:
a) True ribs
b) False ribs
carry out? 
(What diameter does increase?)
A

a) Pump-handle motion - anterosuperior diameter

b) Bucket-handle motion - transverse diameter

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53
Q

What artery arises from:

a) Thoracic artery?
b) L. subclavian artery? (what else give rise to?)

A

a) Posterior intercostal artery

b) Internal thoracic artery - anterior intercostal artery

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54
Q

Where is the azygos vein located?

A

Right side at back of chest wall

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55
Q

At what level do the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein?

A

T7

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56
Q

What arteries supply pericardium and where branch from?

A

Pericardiophrenic arteries

Internal thoracic artery

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57
Q

What are armpit lymph nodes called?

A

Axillary nodes

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58
Q

What are the lymph nodes at the root of the neck?

A

Supraclavicular nodes

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59
Q

What 3 nodes join the bronchomediastinal trunk and what do they drain?

A

Brachiocephalic - around main vessels of chest
Internal thoracic - anterior chest
Tracheobronchial

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60
Q

What nodes join the thoracic duct and what do they drain?

A

Posterior mediastinal - back chest

Posterior intercostal

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61
Q

Where do the diaphragmatic nodes drain to?

A

Anterior/Posterior depending on where located

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62
Q

What vertebra level are the nipples?

A

T4

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63
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal Serous Pericardium
Visceral Serous Pericardium

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64
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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65
Q

What part of the diaphragm does the fibrous pericardium attach to?

A

Central tendon

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66
Q

Which pericardium is attached to the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal serous

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67
Q

What forms the epicardium?

A

Visceral serous pericardium + loose connective tissue

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68
Q

What fluid does the serous pericardium produce and what is it’s function?

A

Serous ==> Pericardial fluid

Reduce friction during heart contraction (lubricant)

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69
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Passage through pericardial cavity
Separates heart’s arterial outflow from venous inflow
Posterior to ascending aorta + pulmonary trunk
Anterior to SVC

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70
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

Pericardial reflection around SVC + pulmonary veins

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71
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Accumulation of fluid in pericardial space

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72
Q

What is hemopericardium?

A

Blood in pericardial space

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73
Q

What nerves innervate fibrous and parietal pericardium ?

Where originate?

A

Phrenic nerves

C3,4,5

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74
Q

What nerve innervates visceral pericardium?

A

Vagus nerve

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75
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

Connective tissue that separates atrium + ventricles

Gives rise to valves of heart

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76
Q

What is epicardial fat?

A

Fat under visceral pericardium

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77
Q

What are the coronary grooves?

A

Between atria + ventricular

Contain coronary arteries

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78
Q

What is the name of the comb arranged muscles in the right atria?

A

Musculi Pectinati

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79
Q

What is the junction between smooth and rough muscle in the right atria?

A

Crista Terminalis

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80
Q

What is the fossa ovalis in the right atrium?

A

V thin depression

Embryological remnant

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81
Q

What is propatency?

How much of pop have?

A

When the fossa ovalis is partially open

1/5 of population

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82
Q

What are the muscular ridges in the ventricles?

A

Trabeculae Carnea

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83
Q

In the right ventricle, what is the smooth area near the outflow of blood to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Membranous portion of interventricular septum

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84
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Funnel leading to pulmonary valve

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85
Q

What are the cords attached to heart valves and the subsequent muscles?

A

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

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86
Q

What is ventricular septal defect?

A

Hole between 2 ventricles

Refers to hole in heart when babies have

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87
Q

How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?

A

4

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88
Q

What is the formal name for the bicuspid valve?

A

Mitral valve

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89
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Infection of endocardium

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90
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

Narrowing of mitral valve

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91
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse and one common cause?

A

Mitral valve x close properly

Damaged papillary valve

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92
Q

When does the papillary contract and what does it do to the chordae tendineae?

A

During ventricular systole (same time as ventricles)

Pull down chordae tendineae

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93
Q

How much fetal blood passes through the foramen ovale?

A

80%

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94
Q

What is connection between pulmonary trunk and aorta and how much blood passes through it in fetal circulation?

A

Ductus arteriosus

19%

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95
Q

What closes the:

a) Foramen ovale?
b) Ductus arteriosus?

A

a) 1st breath

b) Diff chem composition of blood - becomes fibrous cord

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96
Q

Which direction does blood flow in:

a) Patent foramen ovale?
b) Patent ductus arteriosus?

A

a) Left atria ==> right atria due pressure difference

b) Aorta ==> pulmonary system

97
Q

Which bundle branch leaves ventricular wall early and what is it called?

A

Right bundle branch

Moderator branch/Septomarginal bundle

98
Q

Where is cardiac pacemaker put and where do the leads go?

A

Sit under skin

Leads to venous drainage + superior vena cava

99
Q

Where are the superficial and deep nerve plexuses located?

A

Anterior to bifurcation of trachea

Posterior to ascending aorta

100
Q

What is the sympathetic supply of the heart?

A

T1 - T4

101
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation of the heart cause?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase force of contraction
Dilate coronary arteries

102
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply of the heart?

A

Presynaptic fibres of vagus nerves

103
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation of the heart cause?

A

Slows heart rate
Reduces force of contraction
Constricts coronary arteries

104
Q

What is tonic contraction?

A 
Slight contraction (muscle tone)
X produce movement/active resistance
Stability of joints
Maintenance of posture
105
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Ascending aorta, just above aortic valve

106
Q

What is the opening of the coronary arteries called?

A

Osteum

107
Q

What is the first descension of the r coronary artery?

A

Descends in anterior coronary sulcus

108
Q

What does the r coronary artery supply?

A 
R atrium + most r ventricle
Diaphragmatic prt of l ventricle
Posterior 1/3 of IV septum
SA node (60% peeps)
AV node (80%)
109
Q

What branches does the RCA give?

A

SA nodal branch
AV nodal branch
Right marginal (acute margin)

110
Q

What is the first route of the LCA?

A

Between left auricle + left side of pulmonary trunk in coronary groove

111
Q

What does the l coronary artery supply?

A

Left atrium
Most l ventricle + prt r ventricle
Anterior 2/3 of IV septum
SA node (40% peeps)

112
Q

What does left coronary dominance mean and what percentage?

And right?

A

LCA give rise to posterior descending artery (circumflex branch) - 50%
RCA instead - 20%

113
Q

What branches does the LCA give?

A

Circumflex
Left marginal
Anterior interventricular

114
Q

Where is pain felt in a heart attack and what dermatome regions are associated with them?

A

Sternum - T2-T4

Inside left arm - T1-T2

115
Q

In the semilunar valves, the filling of what feature helps fill coronary arteries?

A

Semilunar cusps

116
Q

What do the semilunar valves have to prevent leakage?

A

Nodules join together

117
Q

How many lobes on:

a) Left lung?
b) RIght lung?

A

a) 2

b) 3

118
Q

What is a PA chest x-ray?

Why taken?

A

Posterior-anterior
Fired posteriorly and collected anteriorly
Heart captured to approximate size

119
Q

Where does the apex of lung tissue cross?

A

2-3 cm above medial clavicle

120
Q

What is an AP bronchiogram?

A 
Anterior-posterior
Contrast medium (gas) inhaled and coats lining of airways
121
Q

What level does trachea bifurcate and in relation to which structure?

A

T3-T4

At plane of sternal angle

122
Q

What is the fancy name for:

a) Thoracic inlet?
b) Thoracic outlet?

A

a) Superior thoracic aperture

b) Inferior thoracic aperture

123
Q

What is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

A

Posteriorly T1 vertebrae
Laterally by 1st pair ribs + costal cartilages
Anteriorly by superior border of manubrium

124
Q

What is the thoracic outlet bounded by?

A

Posteriorly T12 vertebrae
Posterolaterally by 11th + 12th pairs rib
Anterolaterally by costal margin
Anteriorly xiphisternal joint

125
Q

What 3 openings does the diaphragm have for vessels?

A

Caval opening - IVC, r phrenic nerve terminal branches
Oesophageal opening
Aortic opening - Abdominal aorta

126
Q

Where does the lowest part of the diaphragm attach to?

A

L1-L2

127
Q

What innervates:

a) RIght hemidiaphragm?
b) Left hemidiaphragm

A

a) R phrenic nerve

b) L phrenic nerve

128
Q

What is the name of the space in the phrenic angle?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

129
Q

Why would you put a needle into the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

X puncture lung
Get sample of pleural fluid
Drain air from pleural cavity using catheter

130
Q

What are the 4 types of parietal pleura?

A

Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Cervical

131
Q

What is the innervation of the:

a) Cervical pleura?
b) Mediastinal pleura?

A

a) Intercostal nerves

b) Phrenic nerves

132
Q

What does the costal pleura cover?

A

Internal surface of thoracic wall

Separated from wall by endothoracic fascia

133
Q

What does the mediastinal pleura cover?

A

Lateral aspects of mediastinum

134
Q

What does the diaphragmatic pleura cover?

A

Superior/thoracic surface of diaphragm on each side mediastinum

135
Q

What does the cervical pleura cover?

A

Extends superior thoracic aperture into rest of neck

Cup-shaped dome over apex lung with suprapleural membrane

136
Q

Which direction does the parietal and visceral pleura naturally go?

A

Parietal - expand outwards

Visceral - inward pull

137
Q

What can be the causes of a collapsed lung?

A

Visceral pleura lesion e.g. invasive cancer

Puncture wound in parietal pleura

138
Q

What muscle surrounds oesophageal opening of diaphragm?

A

Right crus muscle

139
Q

What blood vessels supply diaphragm?

A

Internal thoracic

Inferior phrenic

140
Q

What nerves supply diaphragm?

A

L. + R. phrenic nerves

From C3-C5

141
Q

What is the area of the superior mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle into intervertebral disc between T4 and T5

142
Q

Where are these mediastinum located in relation to the heart?

a) Anterior mediastinum
b) MIddle mediastinum
c) Posterior mediastinum

A

a) In front of heart
b) Contains heart
c) Behind heart

143
Q

What is the shape of the thymus gland?

A

Bilobed

Asymmetrical

144
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

Part in superior mediastinum

Part in anterior mediastinum

145
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the thymus gland?

A

Internal thoracic artery

146
Q

What is the role of the thymus gland in a baby?

A

Differentiate T cells

Build up T cell population

147
Q

What veins form the brachiocephalic veins?

A

Internal jugular veins

Subclavian veins

148
Q

What veins form the SVC?

A

Brachiocephalic

149
Q

Why is the left brachiocephalic vein longer than the right?

A

Has to arch over sternoclavicular joint to go on RHS

150
Q

At what level does the azygos vein arch over to join the SVC?

A

At sternal angle

151
Q

What arteries arise directly from the aortic arch?

A

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

152
Q

What is the sternal ligament?

A

Holds pericardium of heart onto chest wall

153
Q

What is the muscle between the tracheal rings?

Nerve supply?

A

Trachealis muscle
Smooth muscle
Parasym efferents of vagus

154
Q

What nerves supply trachea and oesophagus?

A

R + L recurrent laryngeal nerves

155
Q

What type of muscle makes up oesophagus?

A

Upper third - skeletal muscle
Lower third - smooth muscle
Transition as go down

156
Q

What nerves supply muscles of oesophagus?

A

Skeletal - vagus, somatic

Smooth - vagus, parasymp, autonomic

157
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin?

A

Opposite 6th cervical vertebrae
Behind cricoid cartilage
Narrowest point oeso

158
Q

What are the 4 indentations of the oesophagus?

A

Arch of aorta - T4
Left bronchus - T5
Left atrium - T6-T10
Diaphragm - T10

159
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

160
Q

What structures are in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic duct
Posterior Mediastinal lymph nodes
Azygos + hemiazygos veins
Oesophagus
Oesophageal plexus
Thoracic sympathetic trunks
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
161
Q

What are the nerves of the mediastinum and their relations?

A

Vagus nerve - between internal jugular vein + common carotid artery
Phrenic nerve - between subclavian vein + subclavian artery
Sympathetic chain

162
Q

What muscle does the phrenic nerve pass?

A

Anterior to scalenus anterior muscle

163
Q

Where are these nerves in relation to the lung root?

a) Vagus nerve
b) Phrenic nerves

A

a) Posterior to lung root

b) Anterior to lung root

164
Q

What is the sensory supply to the larynx above the vocal folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

165
Q

What does the external laryngeal nerve supple?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

166
Q

What branches does the phrenic nerve give in route to?

A

Fibrous + parietal branches

Parietal pleura branches

167
Q

What is the sympathetic supply to the lungs and what does it do?

A

T2-T4

Vasoconstrict, afferent pain fibres

168
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the lungs and what does it do?

A

Vagus nerves

Bronchoconstriction

169
Q

What is the
a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic
supply to the pulmonary plexus?

A

a) T1-T5

b) Vagus

170
Q

What is the
a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic
supply to the cardiac plexus?

A

a) T1-T4

b) Vagus

171
Q

What is the
a) Sympathetic
b) Parasympathetic
supply to the oesophageal plexus?

A

a) T2-T6

b) Vagus

172
Q

What is the preferred angle of a patient in respiratory distress?

A

45 degrees

173
Q

What 2 muscles hold up 1st rib?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Scalene muscle

174
Q

What happens to the intercostal space during quiet breathing?

A

Stiffens to prevent bellowing

175
Q

What are the 3 actions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Extends head, flexes neck
Turns head to opposite side
Inspiratory muscle

176
Q

What is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Spinal accessory cranial nerve XI

177
Q

What are the 3 actions of the scalene muscles?

A

Lateral flexion of neck
Flexion of neck
Inspiratory muscle

178
Q

What is the innervation of scalene muscles?

A

Cervical plexus

179
Q

What nerves crosses in front of scalenus anterior?

A

Phrenic nerve

180
Q

What type of contraction do the scalene muscles undergo to keep rib cage slightly elevated?

A

Tonic contraction

181
Q

What causes a flail chest?

A

Multiple rib fractures/ same rib fractured min 2 times

182
Q

What is paradoxical movement in flail chest?

A

Bit of chest wall not anchored to chest wall moves in opposite direction to chest cavity
e.g. inspiration - sucked in, expiration - pushed out

183
Q

What are the muscles in forced inspiration?

A 
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Erector spinae
Quadratus lumborum for lower rib stabilisation
184
Q

What are the muscles in forced expiration?

A

Rectus abdominis
Obliques
Latissimus dorsi
Triangularis sterni

185
Q

What is the entry and exit of the nasal cavity called?

A

Entry: Anterior nares

Exit - Posterior nares

186
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Warm and moisten inspired air, 100% saturation

187
Q

What are the coarse hairs in the nasal cavity called and what is their function?

A

Vibrissae (in vestibules)

Filter out large particles

188
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

189
Q

Approx how many cartilaginous rings in trachea?

A

20

190
Q

What is the carina?

A

Junction at bifurcation of trachea

191
Q

What is the name of the first 3 divisions of the trachea?

A

Pulmonary bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Tertiary/segmental bronchi

192
Q

How many divisions of bronchi can exist and which ones have cartilage?

A

Up to 23 divisions

First 3

193
Q

What type of epithelium surrounds the bronchi near the final divisions?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Only found in resp tract

194
Q

What is the supply for alveolar cells?

A

Don’t have one

Take O2 by diffusion

195
Q

What supplies the bronchi and bronchioles?

And origin?

A

Bronchial artery

Off descending aorta

196
Q

How is the nasal cavity adapted to warm inspired air?

A

Blood vessels of mucosal layer close to epithelium

Air is close to wall as nasal cavity v narrow

197
Q

What is the nasal concha?

A

Bony elements to increase SA of nasal cavity

Rapid warming + humidification of air

198
Q

What do the mast cells release and why?

A

His - reduction of lumen of airway to prevent stuff entering

Bad in hayfever, asthma

199
Q

Where are the cilia located in resp system?

A

On top of pseudostratified ciliated cells

200
Q

Where is the respiratory centre in the brain?

A

Pons/medulla

201
Q

What receptors in these organs stimulate respiratory centre in brain?

a) Great arteries
b) Visceral pleura

A

a) Peripheral + central chemoreceptors

b) Stretch receptors by vagus nerve

202
Q

By what method to muscles send signals to respiratory centre?

A

Proprioception

203
Q

What receptors can stimulate coughing?

A

Irritant receptors

C receptors

204
Q

At what level is larynx located?

A

Bodies of C3-C6 vertebrae

205
Q

What are are the 4 main aspects of larynx?

A

Epiglottis
Glottis
Vocal fold - true
Vestibular fold - false

206
Q

How can the diameter of the glottis be altered?

A

By rotation of arytenoid cartilage

207
Q

What cartilage in larynx gives the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

208
Q

What cartilage in larynx is a complete ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

209
Q

How should you carry out an emergency laryngotomy?

A

Feel for laryngeal prominence
Immediately below feel for cricoid cartilage
Between is cricothyroid cartilage + puncture
Check x glandular tissue as could puncture artery - retract if present

210
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

A

Reflection of upper tracheal rings

211
Q

What is the sensory supply to the upper larynx?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

212
Q

What is the sensory supply to the lower larynx?

A

L recurrent laryngeal nerve

213
Q

Where does the trachea start and end?

A

C6 vertebrae to T4/5

214
Q

What can be used to view airways for abnormalities?

A

Bronchoscope

215
Q

Which bronchus would an inhaled peanut most likely go down?

A

Right bronchus

216
Q

How many lobes on:

a) Right lung?
b) Left lung?

A

a) 3 lobes

b) 2 lobes

217
Q

What indentation is on left lung for heart?

A

Cardiac notch

218
Q

Why does an old individual’s lung have black markings?

A

Deposits of inhaled carbon

219
Q

How are body scans carried out?

A

Radioactive isotopes given which target derivatives of glc molecules

220
Q

Why are tumours more visible on body scans?

A

Metabolically active

221
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

Pressure on heart, displacing structures

222
Q

What is one feature of a pneumothorax on an x-ray?

A

Margin of lung decreased - pleural stripe

223
Q

What is one feature pneumonia on an x-ray?

A

Consolidated lung tissue, appears white

224
Q

What can causes a pleural effusion?

A

Serous membrane produces excess fluid

Stimulated by bact/ lesion in lung wall

225
Q

Which direction would you aim the catheter if draining:

a) Air from lung?
b) Fluid from lung?

A

a) Upwards as air rises

b) Downwards

226
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments on each lung?

A

10 on right

8 on left (can be 10)

227
Q

Where is the transverse fissure on the right lung located?

A

Mid axillary line of 5th rib to 4th costal cartilage anteriorly

228
Q

Where is the oblique fissure on the right lung located?

A

Spine of 3rd thoracic vertebrae on back to 6th costal cartilage anteriorly

229
Q

Where is the middle lobe of the right lobe located?

A

Between 4th and 6th costal cartilage

230
Q

What position should patient assume when listening to back and why?

A

Hands on head
Shoulder blades externally rotate
Medial border of scapula fits oblique fissure posteriorly

231
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to internal body sounds

232
Q

Where are the inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes located?

A

Above and below carina

233
Q

Which side does the lymphatics of the right lung drain to?

A

Right

234
Q

Which side does the lymphatics of the left lung drain to?

A

Left

Lower lobe can be left/right

235
Q

Where is the pulmonary plexus?

A

Posterior to lung roots

236
Q

Where do the pain fibre afferents of the lung originate from?

A

T1-T4

237
Q

What are the parasympathetic actions in the lungs?

A

Motor to sm of bronchial tree - bronchoconstrictor
Inhibitory to pulmonary vessels - vasodilator
Secretory to glands of bronchial tree - secretomotor

238
Q

What are the sympathetic actions in the lungs?

A

Inhibitory to bronchial muscle - bronchodilator
Motor to pulmonary vessels - vasoconstrictor
Inhibitory to alveolar glands of bronchial tree

239
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end?

A

Level of L1-2

FBS2 (3 decks)

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