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BRS > Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

GLUT-4 transporters are commonly found where?

A

myocytes (muscle) adipocytes (fat)

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2
Q

GLUT-4 transporters have which 2 chains?

A

hydrophilic (inside) and hydrophobic (outside)

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3
Q

Insulin does what in the muscle cell?

A

decreases breakdown of protein

increases protein synthesis

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4
Q

GH and IGF-1 do what to protein synthesis?

A

increase

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5
Q

gluconeogenesis is …….. by insulin

A

inhibited

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6
Q

what happens to hepatic glucose output if gluconeogenesis is inhibited?

A

decreases

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7
Q 
how long does it take for you to use stores of....
carbohydrate 0.5kg
protein 8-9kg
fat 9-10kg
without eating?
A

16 hours
15 days
30-90 days

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8
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme do?

A

breaks down triglycerides that would otherwise be unable to leave the circulation

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9
Q

what does insulin do to the fat cell?

A

increase glucose uptake into fat cell…

inhibits breakdown of triglycerides in the fat cell

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10
Q

what do GH and Cortisol do in the fat cell?

A

cortisol and GH increase breakdown of triglycerides

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11
Q

what does glycogen do in the liver?

A

-

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12
Q

which sources can your brain use for energy?

A

glucose (preferred) and ketone bodies

CANNOT use fatty acids (non esterified fatty acids - NEFA)

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13
Q

what happens when NEFAs enter the liver?

A

-

glycogen stimulates formation of fatty acyl-coa forming acetoacetate then acetone and 3 OH-B forming ketone bodies

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14
Q

What happens to glycogen if glucagon increases in the liver?

A

It’s broken down to form glucose, increasing hepatic glucose output

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15
Q

effects on muscle

A

-

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16
Q 
In the fasted state, what happens to:
insulin-to-glucagon ratio
[glucose]
[NEFA] 
[amino acid]
A

insulin-to-glucagon ratio decreases
[glucose] 3.0-5.5mmol/L
[NEFA] increases by fat cells
[amino acid] decreases?

17
Q

After eating what happens?

A

increased insulin
Increased protein synthesis in muscles
increased storage of fat in fat cells
increased glycogenesis?

18
Q

what are the diagnostic tests for diabetes mellitus?

A 
fasting glucose >7mmol/L
random glucose >11.1mmol/L
oral glucose tolerance test
-fasting glucose
-75g glucose load
......
19
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune condition where you produce antibodies which attach beta cells

20
Q

what happens during type 1 diabetes (pathophysiology)

A

proteolysis increases
hepatic glucose output increases
lipolysis increases –> glycerides and NEFAs
can cause diabetic ketoacidosis

21
Q

what are the markers of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

-

22
Q

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

weight loss - due to proteolysis
hyperglycaemia
glycosuria with osmotic symptoms - osmotic diuresis (polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia)
ketones in blood and urine

23
Q

diagnostic tests for T1DM

A

antibodies: GAD, IA2
C-peptide
presence of ketones

24
Q

what happens in the liver and muscle respectively if too much insulin is administered?

A

hepatic gluconeogenesis is switched off so there is reduced glucose output
too much glucose is taken up by the muscles and keeps being taken up

25
Q

how does your body respond to hypoglycaemia?

What are the effects of these responses?

A 
increase in:
glucagon
catecholamines
cortisol
growth hormone
causing:
increased hepatic glucose output with glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
26
Q

what is impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia?

A

loss of counterregulatory response and a reduced ability to recognise hypoglycaemia as upon repeated occurence the body gets used to it

27
Q

signs of hypoglycaemia

A 
autonomic:
sweating
pallor
palpitations
shaking
neuroglycopenic:
slurred speech
poor vision
confusion
....
28
Q

what is the difference between GLUT-4 and GLUT-2

A

GLUT-4 is insulin dependent GLUT-2 is not

29
Q

compare adrenaline and cortisol as stress hormones?

A

adrenaline - fast acting and weak - acute stress

cortisol - slow acting and stronger effect - chronic stress

30
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

lack of vasopressin

BRS (19 decks)

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