Gender

Question 1

Rubin baby study

Answer 1

Parents described their babies differently depending on gender

Boys: alert, strong
Girls: soft, delicate

Question 2

Seavey baby study

Answer 2

Unidentifiable baby
Different conditions were told different genders of the same babe

• girl: participants were more likely to play with dolls
• male: participants were more likely to play with a plastic ring
• no gender: female participants interacted more than males- almost all spontaneously decided a gender for it- justifying by perceptions in physique

Question 3

Androgyny

Answer 3

Displaying equal balance of male and female characteristics

Question 4

Ben sex role inventory

Answer 4

First systematic attempt to measure androgyny using a rating of 60 traits

Question 5

Nanne van de poll study testosterone

Answer 5

When women were injected with testosterone, showed more signs of physical and sexual aggression

Question 6

Oxytocin

Answer 6

Produced more by women particular after giving birth

Stimulates lactation so mother’s can breastfeed

Reduces stress

Question 7

David Reimer case study

Answer 7

One twin was left without a penis after a failed operation

They were raised as female

Had trouble fitting it

Question 8

Dabbs prison study

Testosterone

Answer 8

Offenders with higher testosterone were more likely to commit violent or sexually motivated crimes

Question 9

Van goozen

Transgender study

Answer 9

Transgender patients undergoing hormone treatment

M->F decrease aggression and visuospatial skills

Vice versa

Question 10

Tricker double blind study

Answer 10

43 males injection of extra testosterone or placebo

No significant differences in aggression

Question 11

Kilnefelters syndrome

(X)XY

Answer 11

Biological males

• reduced body hair
• breast development
• softened body contours
• longer limbs
• underdeveloped genitals
• problems with coordination
• poorly developed language skills + reading ability
• passive, shy

Question 12

Turner’s syndrome

X(O)

Answer 12

• no menstral cycle
• ovaries fail to develop
• dont develop breasts
• low set ears
• physically immature
• webbed neck
• higher than average reading ability
• lower spatial awareness and memory
• socially immature

Question 13

Herlihy

Australian study turner’s syndrome

Answer 13

Being treated at a young age had significant benefits compared to those treated in adulthood

Question 14

Kohlberg’s theory of development

List order

Answer 14

• gender identity
• gender stability
• gender consistency

Question 15

Kohlberg’s theory of development

List order

Answer 15

• gender identity
• gender stability
• gender consistency

Question 16

Gender identity

Age 2

Answer 16

Correctly identify themselves as boy or girl

Age 3- can identify others

Do not see gender as permanent

Question 17

Gender stability

Age 4

Answer 17

-about themselves but not others

Confused if external appearance changes to not fit ‘boy’ or ‘girl’

Question 18

Gender consistency

Age 6

Answer 18

Recognise gender is permanent and no longer fooled by outward appearance

Question 19

Bussey and bandura

Answer 19

Children as young as four ‘feel good’ playing with gender appropriate toys and ‘feel bad’ playing with toys that don’t

Question 20

Slaby and Frey

Split screen

Answer 20

Same action carried out by different genders

Children with high constancy spent more time watching same sex model

Question 21

Freuds theory

Boys with harsh fathers and a stronger sense of gender identity

Answer 21

Blakemore and hill found the opposite

Question 22

Golombok

Answer 22

Children of single parent families did not differ their views on gender identity

(Criticises Freud’s theory)

Question 23

Gender schema theory

Answer 23

Beliefs and ideologies on gender are based in experiences

Question 24

Martin and Halverson

Memory

Answer 24

Children under 6
More likely to remember photographs containing gender consistent behaviour

Children tended to change the sex of the person carrying out gender inconsistencies when asked to recall

Question 25

Furnham and fareagher

Answer 25

Sex role stereotypes in advertising
Men- power roles, voice overs suggest dominance
Women- domestic settings

Question 26

McGhee and frueh

Answer 26

People who watch more TV displayed more gender stereotypical views in behaviour and attitudes

Question 27

Media evaluation

Answer 27

Difficult to establish cause and effect

Control groups are hard as most children are exposed to media

Question 28

Williams and best

Answer 28

30 different nations
Adjective checklist

Across countries men were seen as more dominant and aggressive

Women nurturing

Eval-
Male or female, very distinct answers allows great division and likely exaggeration