Week 2

Question 1

Solute

Answer 1

Compound dissolved in a solution of solvent.

Question 2

Molar freezing point rule

Answer 2

Freezing point depression, when solutes are added to a solution, the freezing point is lowered. The molarity of the solute added is directly proportional to the freezing point depression.
-In order for a liquid to freeze it must first form a lattice. The solutes in a solution interact with the liquid and inhibit the formation of a good lattice structure, thus delaying or depressing the freezing point.

Question 3

Vapor pressure

Answer 3

Number of gaseous particles. molecules on the surface spontaneously turn to a gaseous state.
-more solute = lower vapor pressure because the solute takes up surface area on the surface and thus doesn’t allow the liquid to evaporate as much.

Question 4

Water-binding

Answer 4

the tendency of water to associate with hydrophilic substances, solutes and other hydrophilic materials.
Macroscopic as with hydration and water holding capacity.

Question 5

Hydration

Answer 5

The interaction of water and other hydrophilic substances.

Question 6

Water-holding capacity

Answer 6

The ability of a matrix of molecules to entrap large amounts of water in a manner that wont leak out.

Question 7

Bulk water

Answer 7

This is the native structure of the water. It is the lattice structure that makes up most of the water.

Question 8

Charge density (ions)

Answer 8

The density of charge around the ion, the ratio of charge of an ion to its volume.

Question 9

Structure promoter

Answer 9

Structure promoter is a molecule or ion that disrupts the initial structure but then more than compensates for hat disruption by creating a new, better structure. These are small compounds like Li, Na, H3O, Ca, Ba, Mg, Al, F, OH

Question 10

Structure breaker

Answer 10

Structure breakers are molecules that disrupt the structure of the water molecules and do nothing to fix it. These are large compounds like K, Rb, NH4, Cl, Br, I, NO3, BrO3, IO3, ClO4

Question 11

Hofmeister/lyotropic series

Answer 11

Classification of ions ability to ‘salt in’ or ‘salt out’ proteins. These ions that are introduced into a solution affect the solubility of a protein by taking or breaking difference bonds.

Question 12

Water bridge

Answer 12

A water bridge can be used to dictate the folding of a protein or it can hold a protein together.

Question 13

Hydrophobic

Answer 13

Does not dissolve in water. Non-polar

Question 14

Nonpolar/apolar

Answer 14

This means that the molecule is symmetrical overall and thus does not have a dipole. Electrons are shared equally throughout the molecule

Question 15

Hydrophobic hydration

Answer 15

Hydrophobic hydration is where water surrounds a non-polar molecule and tries to form itself into the most efficient manner possible. Meaning that the contact with the hydrophobic particle is minimized

Question 16

Clathrate hydrate

Answer 16

This is a water cage that surrounds a non-polar molecule