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BI1002: Structure and Function > Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The delivery and removal of gases to and from tissues and cells.

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2
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure of a single gas within a mixture of gases.

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3
Q

What influences diffusion?

A 
Partial pressure gradient.
Gas molecule diameter.
Temperature.
Gas solubility.
Gas exchange surface surface area.
Gas exchange surface thickness.
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4
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion =

DCSA(PP difference/interface thickness)

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5
Q

What is the order of the structures of the human respiratory system?

A 
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Lungs
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6
Q

Where is the dead space in the lungs?

A

Includes trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

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7
Q

What is the function of the dead space?

A

Transfers gases to the alveoli.
Warming/Humidifying.
Filtration.

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8
Q

What muscle separates the abdomen and the thorax?

A

The diaphragm.

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9
Q

How do birds maximise gas exchange?

A

They use unidirectional airflow. This means oxygen is received during inhalation and exhilation.

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10
Q

What structures do birds possess that allow unidirectional flow?

A

Posterior and anterior air sacs.

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11
Q

Define ventilation.

A

Convection of a respiratory medium over the gas exchange surfaces.

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12
Q

What covers the lungs of mammals?

A

2 pleural membranes.

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13
Q

Is intrapleural pressure positive or negative? Why is this important?

A

Negative, to ensure the lungs are inflated.

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14
Q

Is inspiration active or passive?

A

It is an active process as it requires muscle contraction.

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15
Q

What is the sequence of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract.
Thoracic volume increases.
Intrapleural pressure decreases.
Alveoli expand.
Alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure so air flows into lungs.

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16
Q

Is expiration active or passive?

A

Passive excluding forced expiration.

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17
Q

What is the sequence of expiration?

A

Elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall reduces thoracic volume.
Intrapleural pressure increases.
Alveoli recoil.
Alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure so air flows out of lungs.

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18
Q

What are the 3 resistive forces which oppose airflow during inspiration?

A

Airway resistance.
Pulmonary tissue resistance.
Inertia of the air and tissues.

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19
Q

What are the 2 resistive forces which assist airflow during expiration?

A

Elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall.

Alveoli surface tension.

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20
Q

How do laminar flow and turbulent flow differ?

A

Laminar flow = slow flow + parallel streams

Turbulent flow = high flow + disorganised streams

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21
Q

What is radial traction?

A

As the lungs expand, connective tissue pulls on bronchioles so diameter increases and airway resistance decreases.

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22
Q

Is radial traction passive or active?

A

It is passive.

23
Q

Is dynamic compression active or passive?

A

It is active.

24
Q

What is dynamic compression?

A

This process only occurs at low lung volume or during forced expiration. It involves the airways compressing/closing in order to expel air.

25
Q

What can cause bronchioconstriction?

A

Irritants causing a reflex.
Parasympathetic stimulation.
Fall in PCO2.
Asthma.

26
Q

What can cause bronchiodilation?

A

Autonomic stimulation.

Sympathomimetic agents.

27
Q

How can infections increase airway resistance?

A

Via tissue inflammation or mucus overproduction.

28
Q

What fibres are found in alveolar walls that give them elastic recoil?

A

Elastin and collagen.

29
Q

Alveoli are fluid lined. What problems can this air-fluid interface cause?

A

Surface tension can oppose expansion.
Promotes collapse of smaller alveoli, leading to a lower SA.
Can cause transudation from the capillaries.

30
Q

Which cells secrete pulmonary surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells.

31
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Lowers surface tension of liquid layer.

Prevents alveolar collapse.

32
Q

Where do pleural membranes converge?

A

At the Hilum of the Lung.

33
Q

What is the benefit of countercurrent flow?

A

Allows up to 100% of O2 to diffuse into the gills compared to 50% of O2 with a concurrent system.

34
Q

What shape is the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Sigmoidal.

35
Q

What is the average resting PO2 in a systemic capillary?

A

40mmHg.

36
Q

What is the average resting PO2 at a pulmonary capillary?

A

100mmHg.

37
Q

What are 4 causes of the Bohr Shift?

A

PCO2 increasing.
Acidity increasing.
Temperature increasing.
2,3-BPG concentration increasing.

38
Q

What does the Bohr Shift do?

A

Promotes oxygen release.

39
Q

What is an important trait of foetal haemoglobin?

A

It has a greater oxygen affinity than maternal haemoglobin, in order for the foetus to utilise oxygen from its mother’s blood.

40
Q

How is CO2 carried in chemical combination in blood plasma?

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- = H+ + CO3-2

41
Q

Guard cells control air and water entry into the plant. What causes them to open?

A

Potassium ion influx.

Increased turgor pressure.

42
Q

Where is the pattern generator for breathing?

A

The medullary respiratory centre.

43
Q

What controls inspiration?

A

The Pre-Botzinger Complex.

44
Q

What controls expiration?

A

The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus.

45
Q

What are the 4 receptors found in the lungs?

A

Stretch receptors.
Juxta-pulmonary receptors.
Irritant receptors.
Proprioreceptors.

46
Q

What other receptors can influence breathing?

A

Nociceptors (pain receptors).
Baroreceptors.
Thermoreceptors.

47
Q

What are the 2 classes of chemoreceptors in the body?

A

Central and peripheral.

48
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

Near the medulla.

49
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

Near the carotid and aortic arteries.

50
Q

How do central and peripheral chemoreceptors differ in terms of responding to change?

A

Central = slower response time + insensitive to PO2

Peripheral = faster response time + increased PO2 results in increased firing.

51
Q

Does high PCO2 or low PO2 cause us to breathe?

A

Generally, high PCO2 is the main drive to breathe.

52
Q

What is the term for low PO2?

A

Hypoxia.

53
Q

What is the term for high PCO2?

A

Hypercapnia.

54
Q

What occurs during the diving reflex in mammals?

A

Reduced heart rate.
Increased peripheral vasoconstriction.
Lactate accumulation in muscles.
Energy conservation.

BI1002: Structure and Function (8 decks)

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