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urology > Urological Tumours > Flashcards

Urological Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is the group of NSGCT?

A
  • Teratomas
  • Teratocarcinomas
  • Embryonic carcinomas
  • Choriocarcinomas
  • Yolk sac carcinomas
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2
Q

What is the histological subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • clear cell carcinoma

* papillary

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3
Q

What are the benign types of RCC

A
  • oncocytoma
  • adenoma
  • angiomyolipoma
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4
Q

What is scleropathy

A

Sclerotherapy is a medical procedure used to eliminate varicose veins and spider veins. Sclerotherapy involves an injection of a solution (generally a salt solution) directly into the vein. The solution irritates the lining of the blood vessel, causing it to collapse and stick together and the blood to clot.

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5
Q

What are the benign types of RCC

A
  • oncocytoma
  • adenoma
  • angiomyolipoma
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6
Q

Risk factors for RCC

A

Von Hippel Landau disease
Smoking
Obesity (70% of them are obese

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7
Q

What is the local spread of RCC?

A

Gerotas fascia
Adrenals
Posterior Abdominal Wall

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8
Q

What are the different types of malignant Renal Cell Ca?

A

Urothelial and Parenchymal

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9
Q

Which part of the prostate does prostate cancer originate from?

A

Peripheral zone

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10
Q

Which part of the prostate does BPH originate from?

A

Transitional zone

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11
Q

Name 5 causes of penile cancer:

A
  1. Presence of foreskin
  2. Balanitis xerotica obliterans
  3. Leukoplakia(white plaques)
  4. HPV
  5. Condylomata acuminata
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12
Q

What is BXO?

A

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is the presence of white plaques on the foreskin/glans
It often involves the urethral meatus and can cause strictures
Associated with the development of penile cancer

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13
Q

What are the type of cells associated with the pathology of penile cancer?

A

90% Squamous cell carcinoma

Sometimes basal cell or melanoma

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14
Q

What does penile squamous cell look like macroscopically

A

Exophytic, cauliflower(fungating appearance)

Ulcerating with round edges

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15
Q

Where does penile cancer locally spread to?

A

Glans, foreskin, urethra, penile shaft, bucks fascia

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic spread of penile cancer?

A
  1. Early spread is the superficial and deep inguinal nodes

2. Advanced- the inguinal lymph nodes and skin and possibly the femoral vessels

17
Q

What is the most common place for mets to be located in penile cancer?

A

Lung mets

18
Q

What is a more rare variant of penile carcinoma

A

Verrucous carcinoma-associated with extensive penile warts and Rx is surgery to the penile lesion

19
Q

How do you diagnose penile cancer?

A

Do a biopsy of the penile lesion-ring block at base of penis and excise
If the penile lesion is not responding to STI Rx after 4 weeks
If the lesion is becoming worse(more ulcerating and fungating)
If you palpate hard, mobile or fixed inguinal LN

20
Q

How do you treat penile cancer?

A

Depends on the involvement:

  1. Foreskin-circumsicion
  2. Glans/distal shaft-partial penectomy
  3. Proximal shaft- total penectomy and perineal urethrostomy
  4. small lesions treated with External beam or brachytherapy
21
Q

What is the 5 year prognosis of penile CA

A

Iliac node involvement- 0%

22
Q

When can you not operate on LN in penile cancer?

A

When skin is involved or they involve femoral vessels(catarostrophic haemmorhage)

23
Q

Is the urethral cancer more common in men or women?

A

It is more common in women

24
Q

What types of pathologies are in urethral CA?

A

squamous cell carcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma

25
Q

Urethral CA Dx

A

IS made by examination-cytoscopy and visible growth in the urethra

26
Q

How many stages are there for Prostate cancer?

A

4

27
Q

What 3 modalities do we base the risk stratification on?

A

PSA, Digital rectal exam and Gleason score

28
Q

What are the long term side effects of a radical prostatectomy?

A

Bleeding, Erectile Dysfunction, and long term incontinence

29
Q

What is removed during a radical prostatectomy?

A

The prostate, seminal vesicles and Lymph Nodes

30
Q

What are the management options for intermediate risk Prostate Ca?

A
  1. Radical prostatectomy

2. Radiotherapthy- External Beam and Brachytherapy

31
Q

How do you treat Spinal cord compression?

A

With ketoconazole or dexamethesone

32
Q

How do you treat High Risk prostate Ca patients?

A

First do bone scan and MRI to exclude mets
If no mets-do radical prostatectomy
If mets-do ADT mainly BO in TBH
If not use LHRH

33
Q

What are LHRH analogues?

A

Zoludex with anti-androgen to prevent flair

urology (10 decks)

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