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Body systems- respiratory > The respiratory system- lecture 1 > Flashcards

The respiratory system- lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the R system?

A 
Gas exchange:
•	 O2 passes from air to blood
•	 CO2 passes from blood to air
Also involved in:
Speech- exhaling- larynx changing shape 
Smell-  top of nasal cavity- specialized epithelium mucosa that catch particles in the air- cranial nerve that says to brain these are particles we’ve sensed and brain classifies them
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2
Q

Functional divisions of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Conducting Portion
    • Transports air from external environment to alveoli sacs
    • Conditions air (warms, moistens, filters)- needed as specialised structures are delicate- thus gaseous exchange can occur
  2. Respiratory Portion
    • Thin, moist, delicate membrane
    • Site of gaseous exchange- between alveoli sacs and BV
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3
Q

Where does the conducting portion start and finish?

A

Nasal Cavity to Terminal Bronchi

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4
Q

Nasal cavity has 3 undulations called conchae- what are they called?

A

Superior, middle and inferior.

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5
Q

Where does the nasopharynx extend from and to?

A

The nasopharynx extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate.

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6
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend from and to?

A

The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity and extends from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone.

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7
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to?

A

The laryngopharynx is the lower part and lies inferior to the epiglottis. It extends to a point where the path divides into the digestive (oesophagus) and respiratory (larynx) systems. It then continues with the oesophagus.

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8
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there and what do they do?

A

4 Paranasal sinuses

  • Warm
  • Moisten
  • Filter
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9
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Have frontal sinuses above eyes.
Ethmoid air cells- by bridge of nose.
Sphenoid sinus is posterior.
Maxillary sinus is either side of the main part of the nose to nostrils.

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10
Q

What do conchae do?

A

Conchae create turbulent air flow- as structure sucks in air and allows entry to paranasal sinuses.

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11
Q

What do sinuses do?

A

Sinuses filters pathogens.

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12
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct do?

A

Nasolacrimal duct- excess tears emptied in there (in the nose)

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13
Q

How is the thoracic cavity divided?

A

Pulmonary cavities- where we have lungs

Mediastinum- contains heart, oesophagus, vessels etc.

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14
Q

How are the lungs split up?

A

Right lung has oblique and horizontal fissure (as has an extra lobe)- 3 lobes- has superior inferior and middle

L lung one oblique fissure splitting into 2 lobes due to having the heart on that side- has superior and inferior

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15
Q

What is the appearance of the either side of the lungs?

A

R- Short, broad and larger

L- Tall and narrow

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16
Q

Lung- Medial surface

A

Opening for bronchi
Opening for BV to a form the heart

Pulmonary vessels different from other vessels- arteries contain oxygenated blood normally- at lungs – pulmonary circulatory system isn’t true- arteries always away from heart

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17
Q

Conducting Portion- how are the lungs split up?

A

Trachea split into right and left bronchi.

Where it splits is called the carina.

Primary bronchi can then split into secondary bronchi.

Secondary bronchi split further.

Main bronchus splits into lobular and segmental branches.

Segment has its own air supply- can take out segment if damaged- as lung segmented can take out a section of it

Conducting portion – trachea to primary bronchi to lobar bronchi to segmental bronchi to terminal bronchi

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18
Q

Respiratory Portion- what is it?

A

Branching of terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

The alveolar sacs are surrounded by capillary beds that:

  1. Receive deoxygenated blood via pulmonary arteries
  2. Send oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins = Site of Gaseous Exchange
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19
Q

What are the pulmonary vessels and what do they do?

A

Arteries – Carry blood away from the heart – Carry deoxygenated blood

Veins – Carry blood to the heart – Carry oxygenated blood

Both follow branching pattern of bronchi – to lungs, to lobes, to segments

Pulmonary arteries away from the heart.

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20
Q

Functional v Anatomical divisions

A

Functional system division: Conducting and Respiratory

Anatomical divisions:
Upper Respiratory Tract and Lower Respiratory Tract

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21
Q

Where does the URT start and finish?

A

URT = Nasal cavity to Pharynx to Larynx

also includes the sinuses

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22
Q

Where does the LRT start and finish?

A

LRT = Trachea to Bronchi to Lungs

23
Q

What happens when the URT is infected?

A

URT infection e.g.., common cold

24
Q

What happens when the LRT is infected?

A

LRT infection e.g.., pneumonia

25
Q

Functions of the Thoracic Cage

A
  • Protection- Bony cage around vital organs (including upper abdominal organs)
  • Respiratory movements- Changes in thoracic volume underlie movement of fresh air into lungs and stale air out.
26
Q

What is the bony landmark made up of?

A

Manubrium, sternum and xiphoid process

27
Q

Where is the supersternal notch located?

A

Super sternal notch is at the midline

28
Q

Where are the true ribs located?

A

1-7 attached to sternum- true ribs

29
Q

Where are the false ribs located?

A

8-10 ribs called false ribs.

30
Q

Where are the floating ribs located?

A

11-12- Have own costal cartilage- called floating ribs

31
Q

Where is the thoracic inlet located?

A

Thoracic inlet at the beginning of rib cage- bony space at the beginning allows structures lead to other parts of the body- structures entering and leaving the thorax from the head and neck

32
Q

Where is the thoracic outlet located?

A

Thoracic outlet- at bottom closed off by diaphragm

33
Q

What are the spaces between the ribs called?

A

Spaces between ribs filled with muscle- intercostal spaces

34
Q

Where is the sternal angle located?

A

Between sternum and manubrium- slight change in angle of bones- can use to count ribs

Sternal angle can find by rib two- can help find where heart is.

35
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement of the thoracic cage?

A
  • Vertical or
  • Antero-posterior or
  • Transverse or
  • All 3
36
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A
  • Closes off thoracic outlet;
  • Separates thorax from abdomen;
  • Comprises radial muscle fibres inserted into central tendon;
  • Domes upwards – more on right;
  • Plays major role in breathing;
  • Apertures allow passage of structures (vessels, nerves, oesophagus) to and from abdomen.
37
Q

Innervation of the Diaphragm- what supplies it?

A

Phrenic nerves - C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

Innervation means supply something.

38
Q

What are intercostal muscles are used for R?

A
  • External intercostal
  • Internal intercostal
  • Innermost intercostal
39
Q

What are the nerves of neuromuscular bundle?

A
  • Intercostal nerve
  • Intercostal artery
  • Intercostal vein
40
Q

How do changes in thoracic pressure result in inspiration?

A

Pleura

41
Q

What is a pleura?

A

Each lung is surrounded by a membranous sac that encloses the lung and forms the pleural
cavity.

42
Q

What does the pleura cavity contain? What is its function?

A

A thin film of fluid which a) helps the lungs to slide and b) creates surface tension between the parietal and visceral (lung) layers to aid inspiration.

43
Q

What is around the thoracic cage?

A

Pleura

44
Q

What membrane is around the thoracic wall?

A

Parietal pleura

45
Q

What membrane is around the lung?

A

Visceral pleura

46
Q

What does the fluid allow\?

A

Fluid causes surface tension- between visceral and parietal pleura- visceral sticks to it- allows lung to expand and recoil.

47
Q

What are the divisions of the pleura?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Costal
  3. Diaphragmatic
  4. Mediastinal
48
Q

Why is it important there are divisions?

A

Different parts of the parietal pleura receive sensory innervation from different nerves.

49
Q

Outline the function of the opening of the auditory tube in the nasopharynx

A

The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity. It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body.

50
Q

Define the boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

The bony frame of the nasal cavity is formed by several bones of the skull, it is bounded by the nasal conchae laterally, cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone superiorly, and the palatal processes of the maxilla and horizontal portion of the palatine bone inferiorly.

51
Q

Locate the pharyngeal, palatine and lingual tonsils and explain their clinical importance. (Look at photo in notes)

A

The tonsils are immunocompetent organs which serve as the immune system’s first line of defence against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens, and as such frequently engorge with blood to assist in immune responses to common illnesses such as the common cold. The tonsils have on their surface specialized antigen capture cells called M cells that allow for the uptake of antigens produced by pathogens. These M cells then alert the underlying B cells and T cells in the tonsil that a pathogen is present and an immune response is stimulated.[5] B cells are activated and proliferate in areas called germinal centres in the tonsil. These germinal centres are places where B memory cells are created and secretory antibody (IgA) is produced.

52
Q

Describe the anatomical features of the larynx associated with its role as a sphincter to protect the respiratory during swallowing

A

Its primary function is to protect the lower airway by closing abruptly upon mechanical stimulation, thereby halting respiration and preventing the entry of foreign matter into the airway.

The backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the opening of the glottis to cover the laryngeal inlet and prevent aspiration of swallowed material into the lungs.

53
Q

Distinguish between respiratory muscles and accessory respiratory muscles

A

Accessory muscles refers to those that assist, but do not play a primary role. Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of respiratory distress.

54
Q

Describe the structures within the intercostal spaces and their function

A

The external intercostal muscles are responsible for forced and quiet inhalation. They raise the ribs and expand the chest cavity.

The internal intercostal muscles are responsible for forced exhalation. They depress the ribs and decrease space in the chest cavity.

Body systems- respiratory (10 decks)

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