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Psych 102 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Facilitated Communication

A

A means for autistic children to communicate

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2
Q

Describe what went wrong with facilitated communication

A

Soon after there were allegations of sexual abuse against parents, despite no physical evidence. The facilitators unconsciously put their own thoughts on the autistic children

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3
Q

What is the advantage of research design?

A

Helps eliminate biases and avoid subjective impressions

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4
Q

Describe the Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

Procedure which severed the fibres connecting the frontal lobe and thalamus. Used to treat schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders. Controlled studies show it doesn’t work and instead, made the patients “zombie-like”

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5
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Mental shortcuts that reduce the cognitive energy required to solve problems

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6
Q

What is representative heuristic?

A

Judging a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs. “Like goes with Like”

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7
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on how easily it comes to our minds

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8
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Watching behavior in real-world settings

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9
Q

What is high external validity?

A

Findings are generalizable to the real world

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10
Q

What is low external validity?

A

ability to draw cause-and-effect inferences

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11
Q

What is a case study?

A

Studying one or a small number of people for an extended period of time

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12
Q

What are self-reports?

A

Measures assess characteristics such as personality, mental illness, preferences

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13
Q

What are surveys?

A

Asks for opinions or abilities

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14
Q

What is random selection?

A

Essential in order to generalize findings from surveys and questionnaires and ensures every person in a population has a chance of being chosen

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15
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement

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16
Q

What is validity?

A

Extent to which a measure assess what it claims to measure

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17
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Similar scores over time

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18
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

Two raters should produce similar scores. ex) same student should get the same mark on 2 different professors on the exact same subject

19
Q

What is halo effect?

A

tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to influence the rates of other characteristics

20
Q

What is horns effects?

A

tendency of ratings of one negative characteristic to influence the rates of other characteristics

21
Q

What is illusory correlation?

A

Perception of a statistical association where none exists

22
Q

Correlation vs. Causation

A

Just because two things are related, does not mean that one causes another
Three possible explanations

23
Q

What are 2 things an experiment needs?

A
  1. Random assignments of participation

2. Manipulating of an independent variable

24
Q

What are confounds?

A

Differences between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

25
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

Improvement because you expect improvement

26
Q

What is the nocebo effect?

A

Harm resulting from the expectation of harm

27
Q

What is experimenter expectancy effect?

A

Researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome

28
Q

What is the double-blind design?

A

When neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group

29
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Cues that participants pick up allowing them to guess the researcher’s hypothesis

30
Q

What is the Tuskegee Study?

A

1932-1972 men were diagnosed with syphilis but when never told or given treatment in order to study the disease

31
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

32
Q

What is REB?

A

Research Ethics Board

33
Q

What is CCAC?

A

Canadian Council on Animal Care

34
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

Numerical characteristics of the nature of the data

35
Q

What is control tendency?

A

Where the group tends to cluster

36
Q

What is mean?

A

Average of all scores

37
Q

What is median?

A

Middle score in the data

38
Q

What is mode?

A

Most frequent score in the data

39
Q

What is dispersion?

A

How loosely or tightly bunched scores are

40
Q

What is range?

A

Difference between the highest and lowest scores

41
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Measure of dispersion, accounting for how far each data point is from the mean

42
Q

What is the inferential statistics?

A

Allows us to determine whether we can generalize findings from the sample to the population

43
Q

What is The Peer Review Process?

A

Process to help identify and correct flaws in research and it’s conclusions before publication

Psych 102 (7 decks)

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