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*Haematology + Immunology > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main compartments of the immune system?

A

Physical barriers
Innate immune system
Adaptive immune system

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2
Q

What are the innate immune cells?

A 
Mast cells 
NK cells
Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
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3
Q

Name 4 differences between innate and adaptive immune system?

A

Adaptive - more specific, takes longer, good memory, cell-mediated
Innate - faster, present at birth, no memory

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4
Q

What physical/chemical barriers exist in the respiratory tract?

A 
Mucous + mucociliary escalator
Alveolar surfactant
Epithelial cells as barrier
Nose hairs
Enzymes in mucous
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5
Q

Which innate immune cells are present in tissues?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells

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6
Q

What are the innate cells?

A 
NK cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Basophils
Eosinophils 
Neutrophils
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7
Q

Monocytes form what cells?

A

Macrophage

Dendritic cells

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8
Q

How do tissue cells recognise foreign substances?

A

Antigen receptor sites

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9
Q

How do macrophages signal the presence of foreign substances?

A

Cytokines

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10
Q

Give 3 functions of the innate immune system?

A 
Inflammation
Recruit other cells
Activate complement
Phagocytosis
Opsonisation
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11
Q

What is required to help bind immune cells to an infected site?

A

Adhesion molecules to allow ‘sticking’ to the endothelium

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12
Q

Why do macrophages find it difficult to consume mycobacterium?

A

Waxy coat

Catalase enzyme

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13
Q

What is the signalling role of macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presentation with MHC 1 and 2 to T cells

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14
Q

What are antibodies made of?

A

Glycoproteins

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15
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecule capable of inducing an immune response

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16
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

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17
Q

Where is MHC I located?

A

All nucleated cells and platelets

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18
Q

MHC II presents to what?

A

CD4 cells

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19
Q

Where is MHC II located?

A

ONLY antigen presenting cells

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20
Q

MHC I presents to what

A

CD8 cells

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21
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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22
Q

CD4+ T cells to proliferate into what in exposure to MHC II?

A

Helper T cells

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23
Q

CD8+ T cells to proliferate into what in exposure to MHC I?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

24
Q

What is required for response by CD4+ T cells?

A

MHC Class II

25
Q

What are the key cells of the adaptive immune system?

A

B and T cells

26
Q

How do Dendritic cells function?

A

Sentinel - activate adaptive immune system
Internalise pathogen, break it down into peptides
Presents peptides (antibodies)
Activates naive T cells

27
Q

Th1 cells signal with which cytokine?

A

Interferon gamma (y)

28
Q

Th2 cells signal with which cytokine?

A

IL-4,5,13

29
Q

Th17 cells signal with which cytokine?

A

IL-17, 22

30
Q

What is the role of Th1 cells?

A

Activate macrophage
Produce IgG
Fight intracellular microbes
Autoimmune disease

31
Q

What is the role of Th2 cells?

A

Activate mast cells, eosinophils
Produce IgE
Parasites
Allergies

32
Q

What is the role of Th17 cells?

A

Neutrophilic/monocytic inflammation
Extracellular bacteria, fungi
Autoimmune inflammation

33
Q

How do T helper cells facilitate activation of other immune cells?

A

Cytokines

34
Q

When are cytokines produced?

A

Normally

In response to microbes or tissue damage

35
Q

What produces cytokines?

A

T (helper) cells

Macrophages

36
Q

How to CD4 cells help naive CD8 cells?

A

CD4 aids in response to peptides presented with MHC I

37
Q

How do CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells kill target cells?

A

Perforin - puncture cells

Granzyme - induces apoptosis

38
Q

What are the main cells of direct killing of pathogens?

A

Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells

NK cells

39
Q

What is the role of NK cells in preventing cancer?

A

Cancer decreases MHC I expression
NK cells will bind to cells with low MHC I expression and release Perforin and Granzyme
Trigger apoptosis

40
Q

What is the result of B cell activation?

A

Antibody secretion

41
Q

What does the fab portion of an antibody do?

A

Variable - binds to particular antigen

42
Q

What does the Fc portion fo an antibody do?

A

Bind to Fc receptors on normal cells (to fix)

43
Q

What are the Ig classes? What structure do they form?

A 
IgM (Pentamer)
IgG
IgA (Dimer)
IgE
IgD
(Rest monomer)
44
Q

What is unique about IgM?

A

Pentamer

Best at activating complement

45
Q

What is unique about IgG?

A

Can cross placenta

46
Q

What is unique about IgA?

A

Dimer

Contained in secretions

47
Q

What is unique about IgE?

A

Role in parasitic infections and allergies

48
Q

When are IgM produced?

A

As fetus

49
Q

When are IgA produced?

A

Breast milk consumption

At 1-2 months post birth

50
Q

How do B cells respond to infection??

A

Can present antigens
Cytokine production
B memory cells
Plasma cell formation - antibodies

51
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A 
Neutralisation
Opsonisation and phagocytosis
Complement activation 
Inflammation 
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (NK cells)
52
Q

How does antibody mediated immunity vary with time/exposure?

A

First response - Large IgM response then moderate IgG

Second response - small IgM response then huge IgG response

53
Q

What is Opsonisation?

A

Reduce repellent negative charge of cell

Increases binding sites

54
Q

What are the main opsonins?

A

Complement C3b, C4b
Antibodies
plasma proteins

55
Q

What are the stages of complement activation?

A
  1. Chemotaxis (phagocytes to inflammation site)
  2. Opsonisation
  3. Lysis
  4. Maintain Complex solubility

*Haematology + Immunology (22 decks)

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