Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

What are communicable diseases generally?

A

Infectious

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2
Q

What are the three key aims of immunisation?

A
  • prevent onset of disease
  • interrupt transmission
  • alter course of infection/disease to limit consequences
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3
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

They teach the immune system to recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens

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4
Q

What are the two methods of passive immunity?

A

Mother to unborn baby - placenta/breastmilk

From another person/animal - immunoglobulins

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5
Q

State the advantages of human immunoglobulins

A

Rapid action, post exposure, attenuate illness, control outbreaks

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6
Q

State the disadvantages of human immunoglobulins

A

Short term protection, blood derived, hypersensitivity reaction may occur, expensive

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7
Q

What are the two main types of vaccination?

A
  • live virus vaccines

- inactivated vaccines

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8
Q

Describe live virus vaccines

A

Attenuated organism replicates in host

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9
Q

Give examples of live virus vaccines

A

Measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, flu

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10
Q

Describe the three types of inactivated vaccines

A
  • suspensions of killed organisms
  • subunit vaccines (toxoid or polysaccharides)
  • conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins)
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11
Q

Give examples of suspension inactivated vaccines

A

Pertussis and typhoid

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12
Q

Give examples of subunit vaccines

A

Toxoids - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis

Polysaccharides - pneumococcal, typhoid

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13
Q

Give examples of conjugate vaccines

A

haemophilus influenza, men C

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14
Q

State the contraindications to vaccination

A
  • confirmed anaphylaxis
  • live vaccines in immunosuppressed or pregnant
  • egg allergy
  • severe latex allergy
  • acute/evolving illness
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15
Q

Describe herd immunity

A

By having a large proportion of the population vaccinated, unvaccinated individuals can be protected as vaccinated individuals stop transmission of the organism

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16
Q

How is the proportion of herd immunity calculated?

A
  • transmissibility
  • infectiousness
  • social mixing
17
Q

Name the vaccinations given to a 8 week old baby

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
  • Rotavirus
  • Meningococcal group B
18
Q

Name the vaccinations given to a 12 week old baby

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
  • Rotavirus
  • Pneumococcal
19
Q

Name the vaccinations given to a 16 week old baby

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
  • Meningococcal group B
20
Q

Name the vaccinations given to a 12-13 month year old baby

A
  • Haemophilus influenza type b and meningococcal group C (Hib/MenC)
  • Pneumococcal
  • MMR
  • Meningococcal group B
21
Q

Name the vaccinations given to a baby aged 3 years and 4 months

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio

- MMR

22
Q

What vaccination is given to 12-13 year olds usually in school?

A

Human Papillomavirus (3 doses over 6 months)

23
Q

What is given annually to children aged 2-12?

A

Flu nasal spray

24
Q

What vaccinations are given to a 14 year old?

A
  • Tetanus, diphtheria, polio booster (Td/IPV)

- Meningococcal groups A,C,W and Y

25
Q

At what age are patients offered the shingles vaccine?

A

70 years old

26
Q

After what age are all patients offered the flu vaccine?

A

65 years old

27
Q

At what age do patients receive another pneumococcal?

A

65 years old