roots of biology

Question 1

hunter-gatherer peoples

Answer 1

1. needed a knowledge of animals habits (migrations/attacked) internal anatomy, and how to kill them
2. needed to know plant diversity and uses (foods/medicines/weapons/tools)

Question 2

artificial selection

Answer 2

deliberate, selective breeding for altered characteristics

- domestication of plants and animals meant reproduction fell to control of people

Question 3

what traits were selected for in plant domestication

Answer 3

increased seed size - larger yeild
non-shattering inflourescences - seeds stay close ex. corn
high yeilds
self-pollinating

Question 4

agriculture

Answer 4

domestication of wild plants and producing new varieities required biological knowledge

Question 5

domestication

Answer 5

keeping animals alive required knowledge of nutrition, breeding, behavior and diseases
- finding a social animal suitable for domestication

Question 6

subdivision of medicine in early civilizations

Answer 6

pharmacology, surgery, magic and religion

Question 7

physicians in egypt

Answer 7

among the elite

- organized into hierarchhy from cheif physician to bandager

Question 8

imhotep (2700-2600 BC)

Answer 8

architect, physician, polymath might have written surgical texts
first commer without royal birth to be mentioned in record

Question 9

polymath

Answer 9

fundementally important work in multiple fields

Question 10

Edwin smith papyrus (1600 BC)

Answer 10

one of the worlds oldest medical treatises

• contents may go back to 2700 BC imhotep
• 48 case histories
• little magic, knowledge of anatomy, physiology

Question 11

Ebers papyrus (1550 BC)

Answer 11

contains both practical advice and magic

- over 700 drugs and formulas given

Question 12

Yellow Emperors inner canyon

Answer 12

• illnesses is the result of natural causes (not demons)

- illness can result from the disruption of the flow (chi)

Question 13

chi

Answer 13

vital energy that travels throught he body along defined pathways - meridians
In greece: pneuma
In india: prana

Question 14

yin/yang

Answer 14

imbalances of yin/yang can lead to illness
yin- negative/cold/dark/earthly/feminine
yang-
positive/warm/bright/full/heavenly/masculine

Question 15

microcosm

Answer 15

human body is a microcosm that reflects the world as a whole (the marcocosm)

Question 16

5 phases of elements

Answer 16

wood, fire, earth, metal, water

• correspondences to parts of the mind and body
  fire: mars- creativity- happiness- heart/small intestine - 11AM-3PM

Question 17

menagerie

Answer 17

collection of animals for display

Question 18

aesthetics 5500 years ago

Answer 18

early cities of Egypt and Mesopotamia have menageries, zoos and botanical gardens

Question 19

zoos

Answer 19

for public and scientific curioisity

africa: giraffes, cheetahs, monkeys
mediterranean: seals
asia: bears, elephants, birds, fish

Question 20

gardens and paradise

Answer 20

persian formal garden plan

• 4 equal sections sepearted by canals surrounded by high walls
• hanging gardens of babylon

Question 21

pairi-daisa

Answer 21

walls surrounded

- paradise