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Pulm > SM_157a: Control of Breathing > Flashcards

SM_157a: Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Brain creates _______ and modifies that rhythm

A

Brain creates basic breathing rhythm and modifies that rhythm

(adjusts output to variety of muscles)

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2
Q

The motor pattern for breathing is generated by a _______

A

The motor pattern for breathing is generated by a central pattern generator

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3
Q

What is a central pattern generator?

A

A neuronal circuit within the CNS that can produce a patterned motor behavior such as breathing, locomotion, vocalization, or chewing without requiring phasic sensory feedback

Phasic sensory feedback may modify the motor output but is not essential for generting the basic motor pattern

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4
Q

What are the two large important regions in respiratory neuroanatomy?

A
  • Ventral respiratory column
  • Retrotrapezoid column
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5
Q

What is the function of the ventral respiratory column?

A

Generating a respiratory rhythm

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6
Q

What is the pre-Bötzinger complex?

A

Inspiratory rhythm generator

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7
Q

Where is the pre-Bötzinger complex found?

A

In ventral respiratory column, caudal to facial nucleus in ventral medulla

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8
Q

What is the retrotrapezoid nucleus?

A

Central chemoreceptor

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9
Q

Where is the retrotrapezoid nucleus found?

A

Ventral to facial nucleus, very near ventral surface of medulla

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10
Q

What are the basic sensory feedback mechanisms for breathing?

A
  • Pulmonary mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
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11
Q

What are the types of pulmonary mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR or SAR)
  • Rapidly adapting (irritant) pulmonary stretch receptors (RAR)
  • C-fibers
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12
Q

What are the types of chemoreceptors?

A
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors
  • Central chemoreceptors
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13
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A
  • Carotid bodies
  • Aortic bodies
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14
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

Retrotrapezoid nucleus (potentially other places in CNS as well)

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15
Q

Compare slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors to rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A
  • Slowly adapting receptors adapt slowly and easily to respiratory lung inflation
  • Rapidly adapting receptors require higher lung inflation to be activated and adapt firing rate even if a high lung inflation is maintained
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16
Q

Where are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?

A

Smooth muscle of trachea and bronchi

17
Q

What is the size and myelination status of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

Large, myelinated fibers

18
Q

What activates slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A
  • Lung inflation
  • Bronchoconstriction
19
Q

What does activation of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors cause?

A
  • Breuer-Hering reflex: facilitates expiration, terminates inspiration if VT is elevated (e.g. exercise), prolongs expiration (slows breathing)
  • Abdominal (expiratory) muscle activation: airway obstruction -> increased FRC -> slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor activation -> decreased f and increased activation of expiratory muscles
  • Bronchodilation: negative feedback loop
20
Q

What is the effect of the Breuer-Hering reflex?

A
  • Facilitates expiration
  • Terminates inspiration if VT is elevated (e.g. exercise)
  • Prolongs expiration (slows breathing)

(caused by activation of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors)

21
Q

What is the effect of abdominal (expiratory) muscle activation after activation of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

Airway obstruction -> increased FRC -> slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor activation -> decreased f and increased activation of expiratory muscles

22
Q

Bronchodilation after activation of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors is a _______ feedback loop

A

Bronchodilation after activation of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors is a negative feedback loop

23
Q

What stimulates rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A
  • Inhaled irritants
  • Rapid large inflation
  • Lung deflation
24
Q

Where are rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?

A

In airways from the nasopharynx to the bronchi

25
Q

Compare the size of rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors to that of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A

Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors have somewhat smaller myelinated fibers than slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

26
Q

How does activation of rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors facilitate inspiration?

A
  • Increased inspiratory effort (e.g. augmented breath/sigh)
  • Bronchoconstriction (may contribute to bronchoconstriction triggered by histamine in asthma)
  • Facilitate/produce cough/sneeze
27
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by _______, _______, and _______

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by decreased PaO2, increased PaCO2, and decreased pH

28
Q

_______ rather than _______ appears to provide the primary stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors

A

PaO2 rather than arterial O2 content appears to provide the primary stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors

29
Q

Anemia stimulates _______ more strongly than _______

A

Anemia stimulates aortic bodies more strongly than carotid bodies

30
Q

PaO2 < ___mmHg (i.e. SaO2 < ____%) stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors

A

PaO2 < 60 mmHg (i.e. SaO2​ < 90%) stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors

31
Q

Central chemoreceptors are found ________, specifically the _______

A

Central chemoreceptors are found on/near ventrolateral surface of medulla, specifically the retrotrapezoid nucleus (rostral end of the ventral respiratory column in ventrolateral medulla)

32
Q

Central chemoreceptors are responsive to _____ and _____ but not _____

A

Central chemoreceptors are responsive to increase PaCO2 or decreased pH but NOT changes in PO2

33
Q

Ventilation can ____ with a ____ mmHg increase in PaCO2

A

Ventilation can double with a 2 mmHg increase in PaCO2​

34
Q

Hypoxia augments the ventilatory response to ______

A

Hypoxia augments the ventilatory response to hypercapnia

35
Q

Hypercapnia or acidosis augments the ventilatory response to _____

A

Hypercapnia or acidosis augments the ventilatory response to hypoxia

36
Q

____ is the most potent physiologic stimulus of breathing

A

CO2 is the most potent physiologic stimulus of breathing

37
Q

Describe the dependence of ventilatory responses on PCO2

A

As alveolar PO2 increases, total ventilation increases less for a given increase in alveolar PCO2

38
Q

Describe the dependence of ventilatory responses on PO2

A

As alveolar PCO2 decreases, ventilation decreases less for a given increase in alveolar PO2

Pulm (32 decks)

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