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Complexities of Health and Illness > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define pharmacology

A

the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems

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2
Q

Define a drug

A

a substance used in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease

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3
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A
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4
Q

Define therapeutics

A

use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease

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5
Q

Define toxicology

A

adverse effect of the drug and the study of poisons - detection, prevention and treatment of poisoning

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6
Q

Sources of drugs

A 
plant based
animal
mineral
micro-organisms
human
synthetic (most drugs are synthesised)
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7
Q

Routes of Administration - broad divisions

A
  • enteral (oral)
  • parenteral (not oral)
  • local
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8
Q

Advantages of enteral (oral) medications

A
  • safest
  • most convenient
  • usually cheapest
  • can be self administered
  • non-invasive
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9
Q

Disadvantages of enteral (oral) medications

A
  • slow absorption and onset of action
  • irregularities in absorption
  • some drugs may be destroyed by gastric juices
  • irritant / unpalatable - may lead to vomiting
  • can’t be given to unconscious or uncooperative patients
  • patients may forget to take tablets
  • some drugs undergo extensive first pass metabolism in liver
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10
Q

What are enteric coated tablets?

A

tablets coated in substances designed to minimise the disadvantages of oral medications, and to prolong the duration of action

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11
Q

What are the advantages of parenteral drug administration?

A
  • action is more rapid and predictable
  • can be employed in unconscious or uncooperative patients
  • irritations to the GIT avoided
  • can be used in patients with vomiting or those unable to swallow
  • useful in emergencies
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12
Q

Disadvantages of parenteral drug administration

A
  • asepsis must be maintained
  • may be painful and/or case anxiety
  • usually more expensive
  • generally less save and less convenient
  • injury to nerve and other tissue may occur
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13
Q

Types of parenteral routes

A
  • injection
  • inhalation
  • transdermal
  • transmucosal
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14
Q

Types of injections

A
  • intradermal (between layers of skin)
  • subcutaneous (below skin)
  • intramuscular
  • intravenous
  • intraperitoneal - into body cavities
  • intrathecal - into the spine
  • intra-articular - into joints
  • intra-arterial
  • intramedullary (bone marrow)
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15
Q

advantages of inhalation

A
  • instantaneously absorbed
  • avoids metabolism in the lover
  • absorbs and excretes though the lungs
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16
Q

disadvantages of inhalation

A
  • irritant gases may enhance pulmonary secretions
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17
Q

advantages of transdermal administration

A
  • duration of action is prolonged
  • patient compliance is good
  • simple self administration
  • can be creams or patches
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18
Q

advantages of transmucosal (absorbed across mucous membrane - sublingual, nasal, rectal

A
  • rapid absorption
  • avoids liver metabolism
  • sublingual drugs can be spat out to avoid unwanted side effects
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19
Q

disadvantages or transmucosal route

A
  • buccal ulceration can occur
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20
Q

Nurse responsibilites for drug administration

A
  • know the 6 rights
  • allergy history
  • monitor for adverse effects
  • follow legal requirements and local policy directives
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21
Q

What factors impact the absorption time of a drug?

A
  • disintegration and dissolution time
  • drug formulation (eg using diluents, starch)
  • particle size
  • lipid solubility
  • area and vascularity of absorbing surface
  • gastrointestinal motility
  • presence of food
  • metabolism
  • diseases
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22
Q

Define bioavailability

A

the fraction of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration of any route

23
Q

define bioequivalence

A

the study of comparison bioavailability of different formulations of the same drug

24
Q

Where are drugs metabolised?

A
  • liver
  • kidneys
  • lungs
  • blood
  • skin
25
Q

What are the two stages of drug metabolisation?

A
  • non-synthetic reactions: water soluble drugs metaobolite naturally
  • synthetic reaction: non-soluble drugs combine with soluble substances present in the body forming compounds that can be excreted by the kidneys and through bile
26
Q

Where are drugs excreted?

A
  • kidneys
  • intestine
  • biliary system
  • lungs

Small amounts:

  • saliva
  • sweat
  • breast milk
27
Q

Define half-life

A

the time taken for a drug to be reduced to half it’s value

28
Q

define minimum dose

A

the smallest does required to produce a desired therapeutic effect

29
Q

define maximum dose

A

the largest dose of the drug that can be safely given to a patient without producing harmful effects

30
Q

define toxic dose

A

the dose of the drug which produces undesirable effects in a majority of people

31
Q

define lethal dose

A

a dose of the drug which can cause death

32
Q

define pharmacodynamics

A

the action of what drugs do, and how they do it.
drugs modify the rate of functions of various systems.
This is often termed the action of the drug

33
Q

Drug actions

A
  • stimulation
  • depression
  • replacement
  • anti-infective
  • modification
34
Q

define drug synergism

A

when action of one drug is enhances or facilitated by another drug

35
Q

define drug antagonism

A

when one drug opposed or inhibits the action of another drug

36
Q

define drug additive effect

A

the individual actions of drugs are added to give a total effect

37
Q

Factors modifying the drug action

A
  • body weight
  • age
  • sex
  • diet
  • environment
  • route of administration
  • genetic factors
  • dose
  • cumulation
  • disease
  • tolerance
  • psychological factors
38
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

study of changes in the functioning of the body that result in disease or disorders

39
Q

Define potency

A

the amount of chemical required to produce an effect - the lower the dose required, the more potent the drug

40
Q

define selectivity

A

the narrowness of a drug’s range of actions on particular receptors, cellular processes or tissues

41
Q

define specificity

A

the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug and its pharmacological actions

42
Q

define “the ideal drug”

A
  • easily administered (preferably orally)
  • fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
  • not highly protein-bound in the blood plasma
  • potent
  • highly specific
  • selective
  • rapid onset
  • useful duration of action
  • high therapeutic index
  • unlikely to interact with other drugs or foods
  • spontaneously eliminated
  • stable chemically and microbiologically
  • readily formulated into easily taken form
  • inexpensive
    (there is no ideal drug)
43
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic drugs?

A

Organic drugs contain carbon. Inorganic does not

44
Q

what are the pharmacologically active constituents of plant-based drugs?

A
  • alkaloids
  • carbohydrates
  • glycosides
  • hydrocarbons
  • oils
  • phenols
  • tannins
  • isoprenes, terpenes and steroids
45
Q

what is an alkaloid?

A
  • organic nitrogen-containing compounds that are alkaline and usually bitter-tasting
  • most alkaloids are amines, so end in suffix ‘ine
  • examples include morphine, codeine, ephedrine, nicotine, caffeine
46
Q

what are carbohydrates (from plant-based drugs)?

A
  • organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • source of energy
  • carbohydrate gums are useful laxatives and soothing agents
  • examples include glucose, cellulose, aloe vera
47
Q

What are glycosides?

A
  • a carbohydrate that, on hydrolysis, yields a sugar plus one or more additional substance
  • the sugar component may aid solubility, absorption, permiability, and cellular distribution of the glycoside.
  • examples include digoxin
48
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A
  • organic molecules consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • useful for fragrances and in the formulation of creams and ointments
  • examples include fats, waxes, oils and fatty acids
49
Q

What are oils (from plant-based drugs)?

A
  • subgroup of hydrocarbons
  • viscous liquids
  • often flammable and immiscible
  • flavouring agent, scenting agent, antiseptic
  • examples include eucalyptus, peppermint, castor oil
50
Q

What are phenols?

A
  • specialised type of alcohol, contains hydroxyl group

- examples incude salicylates, isoflavones, coumarins, cannabinols and hypericin

51
Q

What are tannins?

A
  • a specialised phenol

- can tan hides by precipitating proteins

52
Q
  • what are isoprenes, terpenes and steroids?
A
  • plant steroids are the starting materials for many hormone drugs
  • examples include carotenoids, aspirin, menthol, camphor
53
Q

What is an assay?

A

the technique, either chemical or biological, by which the strength and purity of a drug are measured

Complexities of Health and Illness (5 decks)

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