control of homeostatic dysfunction Flashcards
what are the characteristics of diabetes type 1?
- caused by a hormonal problem causing a destruction to homeostasis.
- have high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia)
- does not produce enough insulin/their cells have a resistance (the main role of insulin is to stimulate the cells to take in glucose from the blood)
- insulin also stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscles
treatments of type 1 diabetes?
- regular injections of insulin
- use of programmable pump that provides a continuous supply of insulin beneath the skin
- artificial pancreas= Consists of three devices; a continuous glucose monitoring system, an insulin infusion pump and a blood glucose device (to calibrate the cgm)
- the device links a continuous glucose monitor which checks blood sugar levels every five minutes, to an insulin pump.
benefits of treatments of type 1 diabetes?
- by having a programmable pump, patients don’t have to go to the pain and effort of having to measure their own dosages and inject themselves daily.
- Reduces large fluctuations in blood glucose levels
- with the artificial pancreas- patients don’t have to prick for blood glucose levels
risks of the treatments for type 1 diabetes?
- even with the treatments, the patient runs a risk of having kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, amputations, blindness or nerve damage
- if a person is responsible for their own dosages instead of a programmable pump, there’s a risk of an overdose or under dose of insulin.
- weight gain as cells absorb glucose
- Fat necrosis may also develop in patients who regularly inject insulin. Which is a painful lump which grows in the tissue just below the skins surface
- for the artificial pancreas = may include hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, skin irritation or redness around the device’s infusion patch. Not safe for children aged 6 or under and patients who required fewer than 8 units of insulin per day.
ethical concerns related to treatment of type 1 diabetes?
- for young children suffering the disorder, it can be deemed unethical the amount of needles and drips they receive.
- the insulin used for medication used to be extracted from the pancreases of cows and pigs
- in 1980s genetically engineered human insulin was produced. This was done by the gene for human insulin being inserted into bacterial DNA, where the bacteria was then cultured to make human DNA.
- yeast is now used in a similar way to make insulin.
characteristics of type 2 diabetes?
- known as non-insulin dependent or adult-onset diabetes
- type 2 sufferers are able to produce insulin but their cells don’t respond to it
- it’s a lifestyle disease (more common in people who are not physically active or obese)
- develops gradually, its estimated that half the population who have type 2 diabetes haven’t been diagnosed yet.
- because cells do not respond to insulin they do not take glucose from the blood.
what causes type 2 diabetes?
-caused by lack of physical activity, being overweight, a diet that is high in fat, sugar and salt, yet low in fibre, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and smoking
treatments of type 2 diabetes?
- management programs that aim to keep blood glucose levels within the normal range
- careful diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, monitoring blood glucose
- occasionally medication if blood glucose can’t be controlled by other measures. (metformin)
- insulin therapy (requires needles)
- sulfonylureas= help your body secrete more insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas by acutely lowering the plasma glucose
benefits of the treatments of type 2 diabetes?
-doesn’t always require administering needles
-promotes healthy lifestyle choices
-Metformin: can play a role in preventing cancer compared to not taking metformin and also reduces risk of open angle glaucoma by 21%, is affordable and has no weight gain
-insulin injections: Very quickly brings down your blood glucose level to a healthier range
feature thin needles that are high tech, multi-beveled and coated with lubricants to enter the skin smoothly
risks of the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
- sometimes healthy lifestyle changes aren’t enough to maintain blood glucose levels
- metformin can cause nausea and diarrhoea
- Sulfonylureas causes hypoglycaemia and weight gain and sensitivity to sun
characteristics of hyperthyroidism?
- commonly known as Graves’ disease (an enlargement of the thyroid caused by immune system reaction)
- cells are overstimulated so symptoms include; rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, sweating, anxiety and protruding eyeballs.
causes of hyperthyroidism?
-is a result of too much thyroxine
treatments of hyperthyroidism?
- drugs that block the thyroid glands use of iodine (methimazole)
- surgery to remove some or all of the gland
- give the patient a drink containing radioactive iodine (the radioactive iodine molecules are taken up by thyroid cells, which are then killed by the radioactivity, this is safe as other cells in the body don’t absorb iodine therefor are unaffected. The radioactive iodine is eventually excreted in the urine.)
risks of treatments of hyperthyroidism?
RADIO ACTIVE IODINE
-risk of developing radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism
-radio iodine cannot be used for all patients, eg kids and pregnant women should avoid it and often kills an excessive amount of thyroid cells.
METHIMAZOLE
-Can take several weeks to take full effect
-The major risk of these medications is occasional suppression of production of white blood cells by the bone marrow
-Side effects include: nausea, vomiting, mild rash or itching, joint/muscle pain, numb/tingling skin, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, signs of liver problems (yellow eyes/skin, dark urine, severe stomach pain) or signs of kidney problems (change in urination amount, bloody urine)
characteristics of hypothyroidism?
-more common than hyperthyroidism
-occurs due to problems with the thyroid gland or problems with the pituitary/hypothalamus
-symptoms include slow heart rate, unexplained weight gain, fatigue, lack of energy, intolerance to the cold, swelling of the face and goitre
-caused by lack of iodine
-a thyroxine molecule contains 4 iodine atoms (T4). A triiodothyronine molecule contains 3 iodine atoms (T3).
Enlargement of the thyroid is known as goitre.
